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There's a renewed push to reform qualified immunity, a legal doctrine that protects police officers, along with some others, from civil lawsuits.In Congress, Sen. Justin Amash of Michigan proposed a bill to eliminate qualified immunity entirely. It has bipartisan support.Understanding why qualified immunity was established could help inform a vision for the future.Imagine a scenario where you're walking down the street and someone clearly violates your rights. The rule of law says they should be held accountable and you'd expect that they would. But can the same be said about police officers who violate a person’s rights?Qualified immunity protects public employees, like police officers, from being held personally liable for knowingly violating someone else’s rights, as long as the officer didn’t break any “clearly-established” laws in the process.Critics argue qualified immunity tilts the scales of justice and makes it hard to hold officers accountable for crimes they admit to committing.The legal path that led to qualified immunity started with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. Congress declared that every American has the right to sue any public employees who violate their rights.Then, in the late 1960s, a Supreme Court ruling would start morphing the concept into what we know today.It was 1967 when the court granted exceptions to police officers accused of violating rights if they acted in good faith and believed their actions were within the law. Another ruling, in 1982, shifted the burden entirely to the citizen, requiring they prove the officer’s actions broke a “clearly-established” right.That means presenting a case where the Supreme Court found an official guilty of the same “particular conduct” under the same “specific context” as is being alleged. Without it, the officer is protected from liability.The Supreme Court granted one exception for a particularly cruel case in 2002.In June 2020, the Court declined to take up a petition asking it to re-examine qualified immunity. The order was unsigned, and Justice Clarence Thomas was the only one to write a dissent.He wrote the “qualified immunity doctrine appears to stray from the statutory text.”Justice Thomas and Justice Sonia Sotomayor have urged the court to take up the doctrine multiple times in the past. In 2018, Justice Ruth Bader-Ginsburg joined in a dissent authored by Justice Sotomayor. It said that the way the Court previously ruled on qualified immunity had established “an absolute shield for law enforcement officers.” 2550

Thursday marks exactly six months since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health crisis connected with the disease that was then simply known as the novel coronavirus.Half a year later, the virus has infected 17 million people on every continent and killed more than 600,000 worldwide.On Jan. 31, WHO issued a statement saying that Dr. Tedros Adhanom, the director-general of the organization, had accepted a committee's recommendation to declare the outbreak of the virus in China a "public health emergency of international concern."At the time, the outbreak was mainly concentrated in China, as the country had confirmed 7,711 cases of the virus and 170 deaths linked to the disease. While the virus had been recorded in five other countries — including five cases in the U.S. — there had been no deaths recorded outside of China.In its Jan. 31 declarations, the WHO did not recommend any travel or trade restrictions, but urged countries to prepare for containment and "place emphasis on reducing human infection, prevention of secondary transmission and international spread."The organization issued its recommendation 10 days after China reported that the virus appeared to be spreading from person-to-person, a finding that indicated the disease could have far-reaching implications. The New York Times reports that by that time, thousands had traveled out of Wuhan, the virus' place of origin, possibly spreading it around the world. China has since faced criticism for not reporting its findings sooner.That same day, President Donald Trump took action to block entry into the U.S. of any person that had been in China for the last 14 days. The order did not apply to U.S. citizens. While the move may have temporarily delayed the virus' widespread arrival, his administration's inaction for the next month would prove costly.During the next month, the CDC would face significant delays in developing a test for COVID-19, which would cause a testing backup in the months to come. The president also repeatedly downplayed the severity of the situation, declaring on Feb. 26 that the number of cases in the U.S. would go down to zero in the coming days.In the months since the WHO's declaration, 150,000 Americans have died of COVID-19, and more than 4 million have been infected. Both figures are by far the most of any other country. 2370

They come and go with less frequency now: empty trains across the country as this nation's public transit system finds itself in peril, with millions of Americans changing their commute routines because of COVID-19."Transit is definitely in trouble," said Jarred Johnson, who oversees the group Transit Matters.It's not the empty trains and buses that bother Johnson so much as the proposed cuts on the horizon, as ridership nationwide has plummeted.An estimated 36 million people across the country depended on public transit before the pandemic, but they just aren't riding right now, so revenues are down dramatically.In Washington D.C., the Metro is losing nearly 0 million a month; New York City's MTA is facing billion in potential cuts and San Francisco’s light rail is more than million in the hole. Public transit lines in nearly every major city across the country are facing financial uncertainty."It’s really time for our political leaders to step up and provide the funding transit needs," Johnson added.Another big concern is that if public transit services are cut now, they won't be there for riders when the pandemic is over. Used car sales are also booming with the average price of used vehicles up more than 9 percent, leading transit advocates to worry that some riders might be gone permanently."It’s not like people are choosing to not take transit on their trips, they’re not taking trips," explained Beth Osborne, with Transportation for America.Osborne's biggest fear is that if cities and states cut public services, people won't be able to get back to work on the other side of the pandemic."I think we have to ask ourselves: do we want our economy to function or not?" Osborne said. 1730

There is no God -- that's the conclusion of the celebrated physicist Stephen Hawking, whose final book is published Tuesday.The book, which was completed by his family after his death, presents answers to the questions that Hawking said he received most during his time on Earth.Other bombshells the British scientist left his readers with include the belief that alien life is out there, artificial intelligence could outsmart humans and time travel can't be ruled out.Hawking, considered one of the most brilliant scientists of his generation, died in March at the age of 76."There is no God. No one directs the universe," he writes in "Brief Answers to the Big Questions.""For centuries, it was believed that disabled people like me were living under a curse that was inflicted by God," he adds. "I prefer to think that everything can be explained another way, by the laws of nature."Hawking suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease, for most of his adult life.The scientist died while still working on the book, which his family and colleagues finished with the help of his vast personal archives.'Increasingly looking inward'While Hawking spoke of his lack of belief in God during his life, several of his other answers are more surprising."There are forms of intelligent life out there," he writes. "We need to be wary of answering back until we have developed a bit further."And he leaves open the possibility of other phenomena."Travel back in time can't be ruled out according to our present understanding," he says. He also predicts that "within the next hundred years we will be able to travel to anywhere in the Solar System.""He realized that people specifically wanted his answers to these questions," the scientist's daughter, Lucy Hawking, who helped complete the book, told CNN.Hawking saw the world on the brink of a "vast transformative change" when he died, she noted, adding: "He's asking us not to go into the future blindly. How good is the track record of the human race in using advances in technology for the good of ordinary people?"In remarks prepared by Hawking and played at the launch of the book in London on Monday, the scientist also turned his attention to the world he was leaving behind."With Brexit and Trump now exerting new forces in relation to immigration and the development of education, we are witnessing a global revolt against experts, and that includes scientists," Hawking said.Hawking had been a critic of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union, and called Donald Trump a "demagogue" in 2016.His greatest concern, his daughter said, "is how divided we've become," adding: "He makes this comment about how we seem to have lost the ability to look outward, and we are increasingly looking inward to ourselves."Hawking's final message to readers, though, is a hopeful one.Attempting to answer the question "How do we shape the future?" in the book's final chapter, the scientist writes: "Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet." 3096

Three people were killed and 16 were injured after a Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus and a private tour bus collided in Queens, causing one of the buses to crash into a building.The driver of the Dahlia Travel and Tours bus, which struck the building, was killed in the crash, along with a passenger in the MTA bus and a pedestrian on the sidewalk, according to the NYPD."We've had a really tragic morning here in Flushing, Queens. Just shocking to see the scene over there. Hard to compare it to anything I've ever seen, the sheer destruction from the impact of this collision," said Mayor Bill de Blasio during a press conference Monday morning.According to the MTA, a Q20 bus was struck by the private bus on Northern Boulevard and Main Street at 6:21 a.m. Investigators were interviewing the driver of the MTA bus, who is among the injured.The injured all have been transported to nearby hospitals, de Blasio said."The first thing we need to understand is what happened here," he said, "because we do not know exactly what happened, if anybody was specifically at fault."The FDNY was working on accessing the building impacted by the crash to make sure it is secure and safe."The impact of this collision on the building was very, very substantial," said de Blasio.The cause of the collision is still being investigated."Very concerned about the speed, but the most important thing is safety. We want to make sure we understand exactly what happened and we prevent this from ever happening again," said MTA Chairman Joe Lhota.A representative for Dahlia Travel and Tours could not immediately be reached for comment.The-CNN-Wire 1650