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BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China's economy has soared to the second place in the world, the country's scientific strength has also surged -- if only measured by the numbers.Chinese researchers published more than 1.2 million papers from 2006 to 2010 -- second only to the United States but well ahead of Britain, Germany and Japan, according to data recently published by Elsevier, a leading international scientific publisher and data provider. This figure represents a 14 percent increase over the period from 2005 to 2009.The number of published academic papers in science and technology is often seen as a gauge of national scientific prowess.But these impressive numbers mask an uncomfortable fact: most of these papers are of low quality or have little impact. Citation per article (CPA) measures the quality and impact of papers. China's CPA is 1.47, the lowest figure among the top 20 publishing countries, according to Elsevier's Scopus citation database.China's CPA dropped from 1.72 for the period from 2005 to 2009, and is now below emerging countries such as India and Brazil. Among papers lead-authored by Chinese researchers, most citations were by domestic peers and, in many cases, were self-citations."While quantity is an important indicator because it gives a sense of scientific capacity and the overall level of scientific activity in any particular field, citations are the primary indicator of overall scientific impact," said Daniel Calto, Director of SciVal Solutions at Elsevier North America.Calto attributed China's low CPA to a "dilution effect.""When the rise in the number of publications is so rapid, as it has been in China -- increasing quantity does not necessarily imply an overall increase in quality," said Calto.He noted the same pattern in a variety of rapidly emerging research countries such as India, Brazil, and earlier in places like the Republic of Korea."Chinese researchers are too obsessed with SCI (Science Citation Index), churning out too many articles of low quality," said Mu Rongping, Director-General of the Institute of Policy and Management at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's major think tank.SCI is one of the databases used by Chinese researchers to look-up their citation performance. The alternative, Scopus, provides a wider coverage worldwide."Chinese researchers from a wide range of areas and institutions are vying for publication, as it is a key criterion for academic appraisal in China, if not the only one. As a result, the growth of quality pales in comparison to that of quantity," said Mu, an expert on China's national science policy and competitiveness.On the other hand, China also falls behind the United States in multidisciplinary research, which is a core engine for scientific advance and research excellence.From 2006 to 2010, China published 1,229,706 papers while the United States churned out 2,082,733. According to a new metric introduced by Elsevier's Spotlight research assessment solution, China generated 885 competencies while the United States had 1,817.In other words, China's total research output is more than half that of the United States, while the number of competencies showing China's strength in multidisciplinary research is less than half that of the United States.Cong Cao, an expert on China's science and technology, put it more bluntly in an article he wrote: "When the paper bubble bursts, which will happen sooner or later, one may find that the real situation of scientific research in China probably is not that rosy."China has been investing heavily in scientific research and technological development in recent years to strengthen its innovative capacity, The proportion of GDP spent on R&D grew from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 1.4 percent in 2007, according to the World Bank.An IMF forecast in 2010 says China now ranks second globally in R&D spending. The IMF calculates China's R&D expenditure at 150 billion U.S. dollars when based on Purchasing Power Parity, a widely used economic concept that attempts to equalize differences in standard of living among countries.By this measure, China surpassed Japan in R&D spending in 2010.Many see China's huge investment in R&D as the momentum behind the country's explosive increase in research papers."Getting published is, in some ways, an improvement over being unable to get published," Mu said. "But the problem is, if the papers continue to be of low quality for a long time, it will be a waste of resources."In China, academic papers play a central role in the academic appraisal system, which is closely related to degrees and job promotions.While acknowledging the importance of academic papers in research, Mu believes a more balanced appraisal system should be adopted. "This is a problem with science management. If we put too much focus on the quantity of research papers, we leave the job of appraisal to journal editors."In China, the avid pursuit of publishing sometimes gives rise to scientific fraud. In the most high-profile case in recent years, two lecturers from central China's Jinggangshan University were sacked in 2010 after a journal that published their work admitted 70 papers they wrote over two years had been falsified."This is one of the worst cases. These unethical people not only deceived people to further their academic reputations, they also led academic research on the wrong path, which is a waste of resources," Mu said.A study done by researchers at Wuhan University in 2010 says more than 100 million U.S. dollars changes hands in China every year for ghost-written academic papers. The market in buying and selling scientific papers has grown five-fold in the past three years.The study says Chinese academics and students often buy and sell scientific papers to swell publication lists and many of the purported authors never write the papers they sign. Some master's or doctoral students are making a living by churning out papers for others. Others mass-produce scientific papers in order to get monetary rewards from their institutions.A 2009 survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) of 30,078 people doing science-related work shows that nearly one-third of respondents attributed fraud to the current system that evaluates researchers' academic performance largely on the basis of how many papers they write and publish.Despite rampant fraud, China will continue to inject huge money into science. According to the latest national science guideline, which was issued in 2006 by the State Council, the investment in R&D will account for 2.5 percent of GDP in 2020."If China achieves its stated goal of investing 2.5 percent of its GDP in R&D in 2020, and sustains its very fast economic growth over the next decade, it would quite likely pass the U.S. in terms of total R&D investment sometime in the late 2010s," said Calto, adding that it is also quite likely that at some point China will churn out more papers than the United States.According to Calto, China does mostly applied research, which helps drive manufacturing and economic growth, while basic research only accounts for 6 percent, compared with about 35 percent in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and 16 percent in Japan."In the long term, in order to really achieve dominance in any scientific area, I think it will be necessary to put significant financial resources into fundamental basic research -- these are the theoretical areas that can drive the highest level of innovation," Calto said.

BEIJING, Sept. 28 (Xinhua) -- Chinese State Councilor Liu Yandong met here on Wednesday with Paul Otellini, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of U.S. computer chip giant Intel Corp.Liu praised Intel's development strategy of expanding investment in China and showed appreciation for the company's support of the development of China's education sector as well as its commitment to good corporate citizenship.She briefed Otellini on China's 12th Five-Year Plan, the recent developments in education and the mechanism for China-U.S. High-level Consultation on People-to-People Exchange.Chinese State Councilor Liu Yandong (R) meets with Paul Otellini, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of U.S. computer chip giant Intel Corp, in Beijing, capital of China, Sept. 28, 2011.She said bilateral people-to-people exchanges have made great achievements, with extensive consensuses reached on cooperation in the areas of education, science and technology, culture, sports, women and youth in the last two years.She hoped Intel will give full play to its advantages and deepen cooperation with China's Ministry of Education, so as to make new contributions to bilateral people-to-people exchanges.

LOS ANGELES, June 3 (Xinhua) -- Eating earth may protect the stomach against toxins, parasites and pathogens, a new study suggests.To examine the possible benefits from eating earth, researchers at Cornell University analyzed reports from missionaries, plantation doctors, explorers, and anthropologists to put together a database of more than 480 cultural accounts of geophagy -- the eating of earth.The database includes as many details as possible about the circumstances under which earth was consumed, and by whom. The researchers could then use patterns in the data to evaluate each potential explanation.Studies in the database indicate that geophagy is common even when food is plentiful. Moreover, when people eat dirt they tend to eat only small quantities that are unlikely to fill an empty stomach.The database shows that geophagy is documented most commonly in women in the early stages of pregnancy and in pre-adolescent children. Both categories of people are especially sensitive to parasites and pathogens, according to the researchers.In addition, geophagy is most common in tropical climates where foodborne microbes are abundant. Finally, the database shows that people often eat earth during episodes of gastrointestinal stress.It's unlikely the intestinal problems are caused by the dirt itself because the type of clay people usually eat comes from deep in the ground, where pathogens and parasites are unlikely to contaminate it. Plus, people usually boil the clay before eating it.More study would be helpful to confirm the protection hypothesis, the researchers say, but the available data at this point clearly support it over the other explanations for eating earth."We hope this paper stimulates (more) research," said Sera Young, a researcher at Cornell University and the study's lead author. "More importantly, we hope readers agree that it is time to stop regarding geophagy as a bizarre, non-adaptive gustatory mistake.""With these data, it is clear that geophagy is a widespread behavior in humans ...that occurs during both vulnerable life stages and when facing ecological conditions that require protection."The study is appearing in the June issue of The Quarterly Review of Biology.

BEIJING, Aug. 24 (Xinhuanet) -- Married patients are more likely than single ones to survive 15 years after heart surgery, according to a study online in the Health Psychology.Researchers of the study tracked 225 people who underwent coronary bypass surgery from 1987 to 1990. They found that 124 patients of them, or about 55 percent, survived for at least the next 15 years. And 61 percent of the married patients and 30 percent of the unmarried survived.Kathleen King, lead author of study, said that the close connection to another person in a marriage lengthened patients’ lives."Marriage gives you purpose in life, and feeling like you have a reason to live is an important part of doing the things you need to do to stay alive," Harry T. Reis, co-author of the study, said. "Married people also help each other; remind each other it's time to take their pills. And they probably eat healthier."However, the marriage quality had different effects on the survival odds between men and women. Men who had bypass surgery lived longer by virtue of simply being married, regardless of how happy or miserable the union, but the marriage quality had more impact on women's survival after surgery. 83 percent of the happily married women had survived, compared with 28 percent of the less happily married women and 27 percent of the single women. Among the men, 83 percent of the happily married were still alive, compared with 60 percent of the less happily married and 36 percent of the single."The most dramatic thing to me is [that] just being married, especially if you had a happy marriage, had that big an effect 15 years later," King told ABCNews.com.Marriage does not only have a positive effect on the survival of patients after heart surgery, but also benefits patients with other diseases.In recent years, a number of studies have showed several apparent health benefits of marriage. For instance, it might slightly add the odds of survival from colon cancer and help reduce pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

BEIJING, Aug. 2 (Xinhuanet) -- The first close-up pictures of the asteroid Vesta, a protoplanet that dates back to the early days of the solar system, were revealed Monday by NASA scientists.The images were taken by the U.S. space agency's Dawn robotic probe, which is two weeks into a planned year-long survey of the second largest object in the main asteroid belt, located between Mars and Jupiter.About twice the size of California, Vesta is second in size only to Ceres, Dawn's next target and, along with Pluto, one of just five known dwarf planets. NASA is spending 466 million dollars to explore Vesta and Ceres during the course of a 10-year mission.Images from Dawn show Vesta a surprisingly diverse terrain and several unexplained geologic features. Chaotic terrain near the south pole is dominated by a towering central peak and huge ripple-like grooves stretching around its equatorial belt. Bright spots, dark pits and craters are filled with unexplained streaks of black and white debris. Terrain north of the grooves is much more heavily cratered.Scientists believe Vesta grew from a clump of gas and dust left over after the sun's birth some 4.65 billion years ago, a supernova explosion, which added radioactive materials to the growing body.Dawn will spend about a year circling Vesta, tweaking its orbit and altitude using an innovative technology called ion propulsion system, chief engineer Marc Rayman with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California said.The ion propulsion system will enable Dawn to leave Vesta's orbit after a year of study and head off to Ceres, which is the largest object in the asteroid belt.

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