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SAN FRANCISCO, June 15 (Xinhua) -- As social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter grow worldwide, more Internet retailers are beefing up their efforts to add social twists to their business, trying to define the idea of "social commerce" and capitalize the opportunity.On Wednesday, online auction giant eBay revealed some of the social features it is planning to launch later this year, while Copious, a San Francisco-based startup, launched its online social commerce marketplace with a slogan of "buying from and selling to people, not strangers."Copious asks users to log in through their Facebook accounts and allows buyers and sellers to see if they have friends in common in their social networking sites. Buyers can see more information about a seller and also see whether anyone in their networks has purchased, shared or commented on an item from a specific seller, rather than anonymity or simple profiles on sites like eBay and Craigslist.As for sellers, Copious has a social pricing mechanism that enables a seller to offer buyers discounts for sharing listings on Facebook and for following the seller on Copious.Jonathan Ehrlich, Copious co-founder and former Facebook head of marketing, told technology blog TechCrunch that the site is centralized around using social data as a signal to help users understand and trust other parties.According to Copious, the startup founded in January 2011 has raised two million U.S. dollars in funding from Foundation Capital, Google Ventures, Blackberry Partners Fund and a number of Silicon Valley angel investors.Also on Wednesday, Christopher Payne, vice president and head of eBay North America, delivered a keynote speech at the Internet Retailer Conference and Exhibition 2011 in San Diego, revealing some features eBay is launching during the social trend.One feature will enable users to log in their Facebook account on eBay's homepage to get product recommendations based on one's purchasing history and things they have "liked" on their Facebook page. Another feature will allow users to post multiple products on their Facebook page to get their friends' opinions and ask them to vote for the final purchase.EBay has been stepping up its social efforts, and Payne said on Wednesday that social is a top-level initiative for Internet retailers. Last month, eBay hired former Yahoo executive Don Bradford to lead its social commerce efforts. Last November, it launched Group Gifts service, enabling users to chip in to buy a gift for someone.A research by Adgregate Market in March showed that more brand websites are losing traffic to their Facebook pages. The study revealed that the "Facebook stores" of most Internet retailers are more efficient at acquiring visitors, indicating social commerce is poised to take off.Although the idea of social commerce is still new, more companies are trying to seize the opportunity in their own moves.There are many other companies taking the social commerce model. Oodle, the exclusive provider of classified ads on the Facebook Marketplace, rolled out a series of social features last December to make more money from social classifieds.In February, Payvment Inc. launched a Facebook Mall, where consumers can shop for more than 1.2 million products among 60,000 retailers in a single shopping cart.Yardsellr, which is often called "an eBay for Facebook," allows sellers to list items at fixed prices in different categories called "blocks," such as jewelry and purses. Prospective buyers can "like" the "blocks" they are interested in on the Yardsellr website or its Facebook page, and then they will get Facebook news feed if a seller has something to offer in the category.Yardsellr said 1.5 million people were following its "blocks" by late December 2010 and the number of new followers is growing by 20,000 daily.

WASHINGTON, July 20 (Xinhua) -- The loss of a protein that coats sperm may explain a significant proportion of infertility in men worldwide, according to a study by an international team of researchers led by University of California Davis.A paper describing the work was published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The research could open up new ways to screen and treat couples for infertility.The gene DEFB126 encodes a protein called Beta Defensin 126, which coats the surface of sperm and helps it penetrate cervical mucus in the female. A survey of samples from the U.S., Britain and China showed that as many as a quarter of men worldwide carry two copies of the defective gene.In the new study, researchers found that men with a muted DEFB126 lack Beta Defensin 126, making it much more difficult for sperm to swim through the mucus and eventually join with an egg.Examining 500 newly married Chinese couples, researchers found that the lack of Beta Defensin 126 in men with the DEFB126 mutation lowered fertility (even among men that did not display other deficiencies usually associated with infertility, like inadequate semen volume and low sperm motility). Wives of men with the Beta Defensin 126 variant were significantly less likely to become pregnant than were other couples, and 30 percent less likely to have a birth.This genetic variation in DEFB126 likely accounts for many unexplained cases of infertility, researchers say. They hope next to work with a major infertility program in the U.S. to further explore the role of the mutation.

LOS ANGELES, June 3 (Xinhua) -- Eating earth may protect the stomach against toxins, parasites and pathogens, a new study suggests.To examine the possible benefits from eating earth, researchers at Cornell University analyzed reports from missionaries, plantation doctors, explorers, and anthropologists to put together a database of more than 480 cultural accounts of geophagy -- the eating of earth.The database includes as many details as possible about the circumstances under which earth was consumed, and by whom. The researchers could then use patterns in the data to evaluate each potential explanation.Studies in the database indicate that geophagy is common even when food is plentiful. Moreover, when people eat dirt they tend to eat only small quantities that are unlikely to fill an empty stomach.The database shows that geophagy is documented most commonly in women in the early stages of pregnancy and in pre-adolescent children. Both categories of people are especially sensitive to parasites and pathogens, according to the researchers.In addition, geophagy is most common in tropical climates where foodborne microbes are abundant. Finally, the database shows that people often eat earth during episodes of gastrointestinal stress.It's unlikely the intestinal problems are caused by the dirt itself because the type of clay people usually eat comes from deep in the ground, where pathogens and parasites are unlikely to contaminate it. Plus, people usually boil the clay before eating it.More study would be helpful to confirm the protection hypothesis, the researchers say, but the available data at this point clearly support it over the other explanations for eating earth."We hope this paper stimulates (more) research," said Sera Young, a researcher at Cornell University and the study's lead author. "More importantly, we hope readers agree that it is time to stop regarding geophagy as a bizarre, non-adaptive gustatory mistake.""With these data, it is clear that geophagy is a widespread behavior in humans ...that occurs during both vulnerable life stages and when facing ecological conditions that require protection."The study is appearing in the June issue of The Quarterly Review of Biology.

CANBERRA, Sept. 9 (Xinhua) -- Australia on Friday launched the first national study to find out whether low to moderate levels of alcohol drank by pregnant women are harmful or not to an unborn child, hoping to provide a clear indication about the safe amount of alcohol for pregnant women.The Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne, which commissioned the study, is recruiting 2000 pregnant women who will be quizzed throughout their pregnancy about their drinking habits, general health and diets.Their babies will then undergo medical checks, when they turn one and again at two to see if their brains, development and behavior was affected by alcohol consumed by their mums.According to lead researcher associate professor, Jane Halliday, while there was solid evidence about the dangers of heavy drinking for an unborn baby, it was not known if there was a safe amount of alcohol pregnant women could drink.She said the study hoped to shed light on the best approach to alcohol use during pregnancy."The problem is that for about half of women that get pregnant it is unplanned, and a lot of women are drinking around the time they get pregnant and may drink for the first month or so and that creates a lot of anxiety," Assoc Prof Halliday said in a statement."From the few international and Australian studies there's conflicting evidence as to whether there's an adverse effect."We firmly believe that no drinking is the safest option, but our main aim is to provide an evidence base to the policy and answer questions about individual risks."The study came after research by the University of Newcastle published in 2010 revealed 80 percent of Australian women drank during pregnancy.

BEIJING, Aug. 13 (Xinhua) -- Chinese rating agency Dagong Global Credit Rating Co. on Saturday defended its AAA rating given to the Ministry of Railways, which has been under public fire over a train collision last month.The ministry received the long-term credit rating after launching on Monday its first bond sales since the crash on July 23 that killed 40 people near the Wenzhou city of eastern Zhejiang province.It sold 20 billion yuan worth of three-month bills on offer in the interbank market, with a yield of 5.55 percent, a relatively high rate for short-term government paper.The rating was assigned because of the ministry's status as a government agency backed by the central government revenue, its sufficient capital flows and strong financing ability, Dagong said in an email to Xinhua.The agency made the elaboration in response to market doubts as the ministry is already heavily indebted and the accident has stirred up skepticism about the its credibility and the safety of fast-expanding railways.Adding to doubts is that the AAA rating of the ministry is even a notch above China's local currency debt rating of AA+, which was also rated by Dagong.Government data showed the ministry's debts exceeded 2 trillion yuan (313 billion U.S. dollars) as of the end of June, raising its debt ratio to 58.53 percent, slightly up from the end of the first quarter of this year.Dagong said in the statement that the debt-to-asset ratio is medium level, lower than the alert line for the ministry which is 75 percent.The ministry has large-scale assets of good quality and relatively large room for fund-raising, Dagong said.The ministry has "extremely strong" repayment ability as it is backed by the state's credit, Dagong said, referring it as one of the three authorities that are allowed to issue bonds, along with the Ministry of Finance and the People's Bank of China.In July, the ministry issued 20 billion yuan of one-year commercial papers with a coupon rate of 5.18 percent, but only 18.73 billion yuan of the total was bought.Analysts said it has become more difficult for the ministry to borrow money because of tightened market liquidity and concerns over the ministry's debt burden.China's top four banks said at the end of last month that they will continue to offer loans to the ministry based on market conditions and risk appraisal. Credit from the four largest state-owned banks including the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the Construction Bank of China has been the major source funding the construction of China's fast-growing railways in recent years.

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