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LOS ANGELES, July 18 (Xinhua) -- U.S. scientists have proven that oncogenes can change normal cells into stem-like cells, paving the way to a safer and more practical approach to treating diseases like multiple sclerosis and cancer with stem cell therapy.In a collaborative study, researchers from the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), and the Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) in California and Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center in New York have successfully converted human skin cells into brain cells by suppressing the expression of p53, a protein encoded by a widely studied oncogene. This suggests that p53 mutation helps determine cell fate -- good or bad -- rather than only the outcome of cancer.Oncogenes are generally thought to be genes that, when mutated, change healthy cells into cancerous tumor cells.Study findings were appearing Monday on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)."The reality may be more complicated than people think," said Jiang F. Zhong, Ph.D., assistant professor of pathology at the Keck School. "What is a stem cell gene? What is a cancer gene? It may be the same thing.""When you turn off p53, people think the cell becomes cancerous because we tend to focus on the bad thing," Zhong said. "Actually, the cell becomes more plastic and could do good things, too. Let's say the cell is like a person who loses his job (the restriction of p53). He could become a criminal or he could find another job and have a positive effect on society. What pushes him one way or the other, we don't know because the environment is very complicated."Stem cells can divide and differentiate into different types of cells in the body. In humans, embryonic stem cells differentiate into three families, or germ layers, of cells. The reasons why and how certain stem cells differentiate into particular layers are not clearly understood. However, from those layers, tissues and organs develop. The endoderm, for example, leads to formation of the stomach, colon and lungs, while the mesoderm forms blood, bone and heart tissue. In its study, Zhong's team examined human skin cells, which are related to brain and neural cells from the ectoderm.When p53 was suppressed, the skin cells developed into cells that looked exactly like human embryonic stem cells. But, unlike other man-made stem cells that are "pluripotent" and can become any other cells in the body, these cells differentiated only into cells from the same germ layer, ectoderm."IPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) can turn into anything, so they are hard to control," Zhong said. "Our cells are staying within the ectoderm lineage."Zhong said he expects that suppressing other oncogenes in other families of cells would have the same effect, which could have critical significance for stem cell therapy. Future research should focus on determining which genes to manipulate, Zhong said.The study is slated to appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences later this month, according to AAAS.

SAN FRANCISCO, June 1 (Xinhua) -- Microsoft on Wednesday gave a preview of its next-generation operating system code-named "Windows 8."The software giant introduced the successor to Windows 7 at the ninth edition of The Wall Street Journal's Digital: All Things Digital in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, some 48 km south of Los Angeles.With an interface quite different from legacy Windows, Windows 8 looks more like Windows Phone 7 and features an app management from Windows mobile operating system. It is the first major attempt by Microsoft to expand a mobile operating system to desktop status, and is expected to be touch-friendly and work seamlessly on desktops, laptops and tablet computers.For legacy Windows users, they need to swipe up from the bottom of the screen to get to the Windows 7-based view. Microsoft said the new system will be compatible with all Windows 7 logo PCs, software and peripherals.During the demonstration, Steven Sinofsky, Microsoft's head of Windows, also said the importance of not abandoning the established technologies from the traditional PC. "The mouse and the keyboard aren't evil. They're just tools. There are a number of applications that require the greater precision offered by the mouse." said Sinofsky.Sinofsky did not say when Windows 8 would be available.Although there are some tablets running Microsoft's current Windows 7 operating system, the software giant has been criticized for failing to adequately respond to the fast growth of tablet computers, like Apple's iPad.

BEIJING, Aug. 24 (Xinhua) -- China will prioritize the development of six types of new materials in its new material industry over the next five years, the China Securities Journal said on Wednesday.The report cited an insider, who noted that the country's 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) for the new material industry will come out in September, in which the government will launch key projects to support the development of the six materials.The six materials will be high-strength light alloy, advanced iron and steel, carbon fiber composite, new power battery material, function coated material, and rare earth function material, according to the report.The plan states each of the six sub industries will form a sizable industrial scale, with the industry's total output value to hit trillions of yuan by the end of 2015, and the self-supply rate to reach 70 percent during the period, the report said.Meanwhile, the government will also foster the development of materials in sectors such as green building material and the biomedical industry over the next five years, it added.

BRUSSELS, May 31 (Xinhua) -- A deadly outbreak of E.coli linked to contaminated cucumbers is sending Europe on high alert, as death toll from the disease climbed to 16 till Tuesday.So far, 15 people have reportedly died and more than 300 were seriously ill from infections linked to tainted vegetables in Germany. Experts said the numbers are expected to increase in the coming week."We hope the number of cases will go down but we fear it will worsen," said Oliver Grieve, spokesperson with the University Medical Center Schleswig where most German victims are being treated.The German government has identified the pathogen as hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a serious complication of a type of E. coli known as Shiga toxin-producing E.coli (STEC). The bacteria could damage blood cells and kidneys, and hence cause deaths.A woman in her 50s was confirmed to be the first fatal victim out of Germany by a local hospital on Tuesday. Officials at the hospital in Boras, southwestern Sweden, said the woman, who had recently traveled to Germany, was admitted on May 29.Swedish health authorities already said on Sunday that 36 people, all linked to travel in northern Germany, had been confirmed to have infected with E.coli, whereas cases were also reported in France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Britain.It was the second food scare for European consumers this year. In January, highly toxic dioxin was found in eggs, poultry and pork products across Germany.

LOS ANGELES, June 14 (Xinhua) -- Rural elders are far more likely to be overweight or obese, physically inactive and food insecure than their suburban counterparts, three risk factors for heart disease, diabetes and repeated falls, a new study suggests."The countryside can have an isolating effect," said lead researcher Steven P. Wallace, deputy director of the Center for Health Policy Research at the University of California, Los Angeles. "When even a trip to the grocery store is a significant drive, seniors can become trapped in their houses."The researchers based their finding on analyzing the lifestyles and living conditions in California countryside.The study found that despite living in the countryside, where open space is plentiful and there is often significant agricultural production, California's more than half a million rural elders have higher rates of developing various health problems than their urban and suburban counterparts.These problems include:-- Older adults in rural areas are more often overweight or obese (61.3 percent) than their urban (57.3 percent) and suburban (54.0 percent) counterparts;-- Rural older adults do not get enough exercise;-- One in five rural elders do not participate in either moderate or vigorous physical activity in their leisure time;-- Rural and urban older adults are more likely to be food insecure; and-- One in five low-income older adults in rural settings report that they cannot consistently afford enough food to last the month, a rate is about twice that of low-income suburban adults.Approximately 710,000 Californians aged 65 and over live in the countryside -- almost one-fifth of all older adults in the state. Yet rural elders experience unique challenges to healthy living, including a lack of sidewalks, street lights, transportation services, access to healthy food outlets, parks, exercise facilities and health care sites. California's rural areas are also challenged by a dearth of physicians and other primary care providers, compelling many seniors to travel long distances to seek care, according to the study.The findings were published Tuesday on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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