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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In the race for a coronavirus vaccine, scientists often say we need more than one winner.That’s in part because different vaccines use different strategies to provoke the immune system, and each strategy has different strengths.Take the inactivated virus vaccine, an approach currently used in the vaccine against the poliovirus. In this approach, scientists take a live virus, kill it with chemicals or heat, and then introduce that viral corpse into a person.There are three groups in the final phase of human trials using inactivated coronavirus, primarily in China, according to a tracker from the Milken Institute.“The immune system can tell the difference between something that's a real threat and something that's not a threat, and so if you get injected with a dead virus your immune system has the tendency to not pay a lot of attention to that,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.The downside of the inactivated virus approach is that it only elicits two out of the three of the parts of the immune system, Dr. Crotty said. It’s capable of producing antibodies and helper T-cells, but not killer T-cells.The modern take on the inactivated virus approach is called a viral vector vaccine.In this strategy, scientists combine elements of the coronavirus with a common cold virus called an adenovirus that won’t make you sick. Since the virus is alive, it can elicit all three kinds of immune responses, Dr. Crotty said.“There are no licensed vaccines right now that use that strategy, but there are all kinds of vaccine trials that have been done around the world with those types [of vaccines] showing that they're straightforward to manufacture. They're very safe,” he said.The University of Oxford is testing a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 in a Phase 3 clinical trial.Then there are subunit vaccines. These include just a section -- or subunit -- of the virus’ protein.UC San Diego is working on a coronavirus candidate vaccine using this approach.There are subunit vaccines currently on the market for tetanus and other viruses.“Working with proteins is more challenging, just from a laboratory and manufacturing perspective,” Dr. Crotty said.Enter the next phase of vaccine development. Instead of using the virus itself or fragments of it, Inovio Pharmaceuticals is working on a vaccine strategy using just the virus’ genetic information.DNA-based vaccines simply introduce a genetically engineered blueprint of the virus into a person, and the cells do the rest.“Some people get confused about this. They think it’s a genetic vaccine that changes their DNA and becomes part of them, and that’s definitely not the case.” Dr. Crotty said. “They don’t become part of you. Your body chews them up.”Researchers have been working on DNA-based vaccines for about 20 years, Crotty said, but none are currently licensed for use.San Diego-based Arcturus Therapeutics is using an RNA-based approach, along with other companies like Pfizer and Moderna that have entered Phase 3 trials.Messenger RNA reads the DNA instructions and helps translate them into proteins.Dr. Crotty said the DNA and RNA approaches have similar drawbacks and benefits: they’ve never been approved for us, but both can be developed rapidly because they don’t require access to the physical virus.Around the world, there are more than 200 coronavirus vaccines currently in development, according to the Milken Institute. 3459

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Inside a mobile machinist shop, the Marine Corps can now print polymer and metal parts on the go.Operated by the 1st Marine Logistics Group, the Expeditionary Manufacturing Shelter is currently at Camp Pendleton. It houses several 3D printers which each serve a specific purpose."Digital manufacturing can be extremely useful in a combat situation or a disaster zone because we can take this shelter and deploy it to anywhere it's needed. We're able to provide parts that are not readily available, and we're able to get our equipment operational faster," said Staff Sgt. Samuel Margarini.Rather than ordering a part and waiting up to a week, the Marines can re-create a part within 24 hours, improving readiness and operational momentum.3D printing new parts is also cheaper and saves resources. "Since implementation we've had a huge impact on different platforms, we've made parts for trucks, humvees, tanks, and some drones," said Margarini.While only being used in training, for now, shelters like this will eventually be deployed where needed by the Marine Corps. 1098

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In a statement, the City of San Diego says it wasn't given enough time ahead of the July 4 weekend to close beach parking lots.Friday, California Office of Emergency Services sent a letter to city managers in the county asking them to close their beach parking lots ahead of the weekend. The letter was sent to officials in San Diego, Imperial Beach, Coronado, Del Mar, Solana Beach, Encinitas, Carlsbad, and Oceanside."At the time of writing, beaches under the jurisdiction of local governments within San Diego County are the only beaches without visitation restrictions throughout all of Southern California, and therefore are attracting thousands of residents from outside your coastal communities and creating significant potential for disease transmission, particularly in crowded restaurants, bars, retail, and hotels," the letter stated. "... To protect the public health of San Diegans and reduce the high potential transmission of this deadly disease in San Diego coastal businesses, we write to request that municipal governments do not open beach parking lots for the July 4th holiday weekend."RELATED: Crowds flock to San Diego beaches for Fourth of July weekendOceanside announced it would close beach parking lots on Thursday, while Carlsbad said late Friday that it would do the same. California also said Friday that state beach parking lots would be closed this weekend. Carlsbad said they were closing parking lots in anticipation of people traveling to San Diego for the weekend. Surrounding counties Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, and Santa Barbara have closed beaches this weekend.City of San Diego Chief Operating Officer Kris Michell said in a statement to City News Service that San Diego wasn't given enough time to put a beach parking closure in place."The city of San Diego is closely following county guidance and working with health officials to encourage adherence to public health regulations," Michell said. "The request to regional coastal cities to close beach parking lots on the Fourth of July came last night just a few hours before the start of the holiday, leaving little time to enact, enforce or notify the public.RELATED: Carlsbad closes beach parking lots for holiday weekend"San Diego continues to require facial coverings and physical distancing at all locations, and this week voluntarily implemented restrictions on bars and restaurants to limit the spread of COVID-19," Michell said. "As we have since the beginning of the pandemic, we will continue to work with county and state health officials to protect public health and safety."Imperial Beach, Coronado, Del Mar, Solana Beach, and Encinitas officials said Saturday their beach parking lots remained open Saturday.Friday, several beaches were already seeing crowds for the holiday weekend. Many people claimed their spots early at Mission Beach and Oceanside.RELATED: Hotels, campgrounds have vacancies over holiday weekendWhile some were able to keep their distance from one another, many did not have on facial coverings when near other people, according to Rich Stropky, Marine Safety Lieutenant for San Diego lifeguards.“The majority of them are not wearing masks, I would say at this point in time,” said Stropky. “As far as the capacity for our beaches, what has limited capacity in the past is the ability to park. How far are people willing to park and still walk to the beach? Are they going to Uber in? Are they going to do drop-offs?”Law enforcement agencies have said they will focus on educations, rather than enforcement, of public health orders this weekend. 3604

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Mariah Sunshine Coogan's family says she lived up to her middle name. "She would walk into a room, and she would just light it up," her mother, Stacey Coogan, told 10News. The 23-year-old died Monday night when a plane carrying her and six others crashed in Scottsdale, Arizona. The Piper PA24 plane crashed at around 8:45 p.m. local time, shortly after it took off from the Scottsdale Airport.RELATED:  445

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) – Investigators are still piecing together the circumstances surrounding the 2-year-old girl who died after she was found in a hot car in Tierrasanta. Police tell 10News the mother called 911 Monday afternoon, saying she had just woken up from a nap and could not find her daughter in their home on Leary Street.The woman later called back and said she found her daughter in her Nissan Altima, unresponsive and not breathing, according to police. It is still unclear how long the child was in the vehicle. The Child Abuse Unit is now investigating.“The biggest mistake anyone could ever make is to think that it couldn’t happen to them,” said Janette Fennell, founder of Kids and Cars. The organization’s statistics showed 26 kids have died after being left in a hot car so far this year. Right now, technology does exist to alert families of an unattended child in a vehicle. One device is called “Sense-A-Life,” created by two Florida dads. It involves a sensor placed under a car seat. If you put the vehicle in park and open the door, an alarm will remind the driver of a child in the back. If there’s no response, it will send an alert to our phone. A few cars, like the Kia Telluride, has a sensor system built into it. It warns the driver when you exit your vehicle that someone may still be inside. The vehicle’s horn will go off if you have not returned to open the door.Fennell said there is a push to get the Hot Cars Act passed at a federal level. It would mandate technology in all vehicles that would alert drivers to someone left in their car, but she said there has been resistance. “It probably comes down to money, but it also comes down to the auto industry that fights against all these types of things,” Fennell said. “Every single safety item in your vehicle people should understand have been very long, hard battles. Like decades.”Fennell said it will take in part, political will to get the Hot Cars Act passed. 1962