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VIENNA, Aug. 11 (Xinhua) -- Austrian researchers have developed a method of using fungi and produced enzymes to split Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) material into their initial state, enabling the recovery of all individual components, said the Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) Thursday in a press release.Enzyme is a special protein that acts as biological catalyst, for example, bacteria and fungi in the nature can break down long chain molecules.Researchers from the Technical University of Graz, the Technical University of Vienna and the Agricultural University of Vienna jointly found that efficient enzymes are capable to break and split PET into small fragments.With different methods, the researchers forced the fungi to overproduce their precious "split-tools" after they are modified and improved by genetic engineering.Through the new method developed by the ACIB, it is now possible to decompose the PET polymer to its initial monomers with high product quality and from this to produce new high-quality materials again.This circuit avoids waste and thus saves resources and is friendly to the environment, said Geog Guebitz, head of the Research Department on Enzymes and Polymers in the ACIB.He further explained that the ACIB has established a partnership with some industrial enterprises to carry out application experiments. From the current splitting time of 24 hours, the researchers expect to shorten the whole process to "a few hours," he added.PET is a common plastic material in the polyester family, widely used in the textile industry. PET film is mainly used in electrical insulation materials, which can be also used for production of film, X-ray films and computer taps, even to produce plastic bottle and other blow molding products.

WASHINGTON, Sept. 26 (Xinhua) -- Older people with low blood levels of vitamin B12 markers may be more likely to have lower brain volumes and have problems with their thinking skills, according to researchers at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago.The results of the study will be published Tuesday in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.Foods that come from animals, including fish, meat, especially liver, milk, eggs and poultry are usual sources of vitamin B12.The study involved 121 older residents of the south side of Chicago over the age of 65. They had blood drawn to measure levels of vitamin B12 and B12-related markers that can indicate a B12 deficiency. The same subjects took tests measuring their memory and other cognitive skills.An average of four-and-a-half years later, MRI scans of the participants' brains were taken to measure total brain volume and look for other signs of brain damage.Having high levels of four of five markers for vitamin B12 deficiency was associated with having lower scores on the cognitive tests and smaller total brain volume."Our findings definitely deserve further examination," said Christine Tangney, associate professor at Rush University Medical Center and lead author of the study. "It's too early to say whether increasing vitamin B12 levels in older people through diet or supplements could prevent these problems, but it is an interesting question to explore. Findings from a British trial with B vitamin supplementation are also supportive of these outcomes."On the cognitive tests, the scores ranged from -2.18 to 1.42, with an average of 0.23. For each increase of one micromole per liter of homocysteine -- one of the markers of B12 deficiency -- the cognitive scores decreased by 0.03 standardized units or points.Tangney noted that the level of vitamin B12 itself in the blood was not associated with cognitive problems or loss in brain volume. "Our findings lend support for the contention that poor vitamin B12 status is a potential risk factor for brain atrophy and may contribute to cognitive impairment," said Tangney.

BEIJING, Aug. 26 (Xinhua) -- China's maritime authority on Friday once again urged U.S. oil giant ConocoPhillips to finish cleaning up oil spills in north China's Bohai Bay as soon as possible.Aug. 31 is the deadline set by the government. "There are only five days to go before the arrival of the deadline," said a statement of the State Oceanic Administration (SOA).The SOA urged ConocoPhillips China to adopt all technical measures that could be used to clean up oil spills, and to do it "with an active manner."Liu Cigui, head of the SOA, said Thursday that his administration is collecting evidence and gauging the ecological impact of the spills in preparation for possible legal action against the company.ConocoPhillips China, a subsidiary of ConocoPhillips, first reported the oil spills in June. The spills have spread to beaches in Hebei and Liaoning provinces and been blamed for losses in local tourism and aquatic farming industries.Although the company has worked to clean up the spills, pollutants have still been found in the bay, even after cleanup efforts were reported to be complete.ConocoPhillips China admitted that a total of 16 oil spill sources have been found in the bay as of Friday.

BEIJING, Sept. 28 (Xinhuanet) -- The unmanned Shenzhou VIII, part of China's first spacecraft rendezvous and docking mission, will be launched in early November. Niu Hongguang, deputy commander-in-chief of the program, said on Tuesday the launch has not been affected by the postponed lift-off of the Tiangong-1 space module. Tiangong-1 was to enter a low orbit around Earth at the end of August before being met by Shenzhou VIII. However, the departure was pushed back after a satellite failure on Aug 18. Out of safety concerns, Niu said mission commanders ordered a halt to testing at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on Tiangong-1 and its carrier rocket, Long March II-F T1. China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp, which designed and made the rocket carrier that failed to launch, formed an expert panel to investigate and made modifications. A successful launch of a communication satellite on Sept 19 using the Long March II-C showed the measures worked, Niu said, adding: "We now have confidence in the launch of Tiangong-1." The module is a "simplified" space lab that will not only be a docking target, but will also work as a space experimental platform. It will be unmanned for most of its two years of use, although astronauts will spend time onboard for short periods. After Shenzhou VIII, the country will launch Shenzhou IX and Shenzhou X next year to rendezvous and dock with Tiangong-1. Niu confirmed Shenzhou X will be manned. Tiangong-1 can accommodate two to three astronauts. "Whether Shenzhou IX will be manned is up to the results of the first rendezvous and docking mission," he said. The rocket carrier with Tiangong-1 atop stands 52 meters tall, with a takeoff weight of 493 tons. Tiangong-1 was scheduled for launch in between Sept 27 and 30, but due to weather forecasts that predicted a cold air mass would move into the area of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, it is believed that conditions on Thursday and Friday will be suitable for takeoff.

LOS ANGELES, July 3 (Xinhua) -- Warming of the ocean's subsurface layers will melt underwater portions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets faster than previously thought, increasing the sea level more than already projected, a new study suggests.The subsurface ocean layers surrounding the polar ice sheets will warm substantially as global warming progresses, according to the study led by researchers from the University of Arizona (UA).In addition to being exposed to warming air, underwater portions of the polar ice sheets and glaciers will be bathed in warming seawater, said the study appearing on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on Sunday.The research, based on 19 state-of-the-art climate models, proposes a new mechanism by which global warming will accelerate the melting of the great ice sheets during this century and the next."To my knowledge, this study is the first to quantify and compare future ocean warming around the Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheets using an ensemble of models," said lead author Jianjun Yin, a UA assistant professor of geosciences.According to the study, the subsurface ocean along the Greenland coast could increase as much as 3.6 F (2 C) by 2100.Most previous research has focused on how increases in atmospheric temperatures would affect the ice sheets, he said."Ocean warming is very important compared to atmospheric warming because water has a much larger heat capacity than air," Yin said. "If you put an ice cube in a warm room, it will melt in several hours. But if you put an ice cube in a cup of warm water, it will disappear in just minutes."Given a mid-level increase in greenhouse gases, the researchers found the ocean layer about 650 to 1,650 feet (200 to 500 meters) below the surface would warm, on average, about 1.8 F (1 C) by 2100. Along the Greenland coast, that layer would warm twice as much, but along Antarctica would warm less, only 0.9 F (0.5 C)."No one has noticed this discrepancy before -- that the subsurface oceans surrounding Greenland and Antarctica warm very differently," Yin said.Part of the warming in the North comes from the Gulf Stream carrying warm subtropical waters north. By contrast, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current blocks some of the subtropical warmth from entering the Antarctic's coastal waters.Even so, the Antarctic ice sheet will be bathed in warming waters, according to the study.This paper adds to the evidence that sea level would rise by the end of this century by around one meter and a good deal more in succeeding centuries, the study noted.The study, "Different Magnitudes of Projected Subsurface Ocean Warming Around Greenland and Antarctica," is scheduled for the upcoming edition of Nature Geoscience later this month.