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WASHINGTON, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- Black scientists were significantly less likely than their white counterparts to receive research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), according to an analysis of data from 2000 to 2006.University of Kansas Professor of Economics Donna Ginther was the lead author on the study commissioned by the NIH, which will appear Friday in journal Science.The researchers found a 10 percentage point gap in research funding -- even after taking into consideration demographics, education and training, employer characteristics, NIH experience and research productivity. For example, for every 100 grants submitted to NIH, 30 grants from white applicants were funded, compared to 20 grants for black applicants.Applications for NIH funding go through peer review that considers the significance, innovation and approach of grant applications, the investigator(s) and the research environment. About half of the applications are determined to be worth scoring. Among those scored, budgets and NIH Institutes priorities determine which applications are funded. Priorities can vary by year and by Institute.The study found that applications from black researchers were less likely to be scored and on average had worse scores. After controlling for the score of the grant, there were no race or ethnicity differences in funding.Applicants self-identify race, ethnicity and gender, but that information is not available during the peer review. However, biographical facts that are included in the review materials can provide clues to the identity of the applicants.The research suggests it is possible that cumulative advantage may explain the funding differences."Small differences in access to research resources and mentoring during training or at the beginning of a career may accumulate to become large between-group differences," the paper says.Additionally, the paper suggests further research is needed to determine why black researchers are less likely to be funded.NIH Director Francis Collins and Principal Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak call the findings unacceptable and commit to immediate action by the NIH."NIH commissioned this study because we want to learn more about the challenges facing the scientific community and address them head on. The results of this study are disturbing and disheartening, and we are committed to taking action," said Collins in an accompanying commentary. "The strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the brightest minds, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study shows that we still have a long way to go."NIH initiated the study in 2008 to determine if researchers of different races and ethnicities with similar research records and affiliations had similar likelihoods of being awarded a new NIH research project grant.

BEIJING, June 11 (Xinhua) -- The Baidu Charitable Foundation (The Baidu Foundation) and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (The Gates Foundation) founded a strategic charitable alliance here Saturday, in a bid to work for a healthy, smoke-free environment both in China and around the world.Li Yanhong, president of Baidu company, China's top online search engine operator, and Bill Gates, co-chair and trustee of the foundation under the names of the couple, attending the ceremony, both wore a shirt that said, "Say No to Forced Smoking."In his speech at the ceremony, Bill Gates said, "This will be a long-term, open-ended alliance. As a sponsor, Mr. Li and I would like to welcome more partners, and we expect to see more Chinese enterprises and all facets of society to focus on public health issues together."Li Yanhong also addressed the meeting, claiming, "Living healthy and green has become a common pursuit of mankind. We hope the alliance can bring together public efforts for this global cause, so that more people can benefit from our endeavor." ' The alliance's first action is to comply with the government ban on smoking in public places and refuse forced smoking, according to a press release from the foundations.Targeting "forced smokers," the alliance will carry out educational campaign through all channels of media to educate and promote self-awareness about the dangers of forced smoking. Moreover, it will also help existing smokers, especially those who are underage, by sharing scientific methods for quitting.Smoking is one of the world's eight primary causes of death, leading to lung disease, cancer, heart disease, low birth rate, fetal death, tuberculosis, high mortality and many other health issues. Smoking forces many families into poverty by causing both poor health and premature death.China ranks first in tobacco consumption and production in the world. China has 300 million smokers, and one in every three cigarettes smoked in the world is smoked in China. More than half of Chinese smokers are male; and more than 1 million people die from smoking related diseases each year.In addition, China has 740 million "forced smokers," whose health also suffers. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that there is no safe level of second-hand smoke.This year, China published its 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) that clearly stipulates for "implementing a full-scale ban on smoking in public facilities." This is the first time that tobacco control has been included as part of China's five-year plan for national economic and social development."Rules for Implementation of Public Facilities Health Management Regulations," effective since May 1st, also specifies to "ban smoking at all public indoor facilities," providing legal basis for non-smokers to protect their rights of health and to refuse "involuntary smoking."Aside from tobacco control, the strategic alliance co-founded by the foundations will also collaborate on a series of projects, such as AIDS prevention and control, in a joint effort to promote health for mankind.Founded in 2000, the Gates Foundation currently carries out charity projects in over 100 countries. Since establishing the Beijing Representative Office in 2007, the Gates Foundation has supported a range of health and development projects in China, including the advocacy of smoke-free environment, AIDS and tuberculosis prevention and control, and agricultural development and research projects.Launched in 2010, the Baidu Foundation is committed to use information technology for support of youth and disadvantaged groups, focus on the environment and promote social harmony.Ever since Baidu was founded, Li has actively pushed for tobacco control within the enterprise and the industry. He is the only Chinese member of the United Nation AIDS Prevention Senior Committee and also board member of the HuaXia Charity Foundation.

UNITED NATIONS, June 9 (Xinhua) -- The message delivered by scores of speakers on the second day of the three-day UN High Level Meeting on AIDS on Thursday, marking 30 years of the pandemic, was that most of their countries were making progress but increased efforts had to be made with greater cooperation needed among nations.In the case of developing states, gratitude was expressed for past help but more aid was needed to continue the battle.Despite the similarities in content, the chair, UN General Assembly President Joseph Deiss, repeatedly appealed to speakers to limit their speeches to their allotted five minutes, warning at the halfway point that if everyone was taking an extra few minutes, a fourth day would have to be added to the agenda.One of the briefest addresses, well under time, was delivered by Yin Li, China's vice health minister, which he referred to as " a responsible developing country."Briefly listing some of the steps taken, the Chinese vice minister focused on achieving the UNAIDS goal of the three Zs -- " Zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths.""We should unite to generate a joint force, irrespective of gender, skin color, nationality, beliefs, values and ideology. Developed countries should further provide developing countries with unselfish, unconditional financial and technical support," he said. "Developing countries should place AIDS control in a position as important as economic development and actively explore prevention and treatment mode consistent with national conditions. ""Second, given the increasing disease burden of AIDS," he said, "the private sector and relevant organizations should shoulder more social responsibility."On the one hand efforts should be made to mobilize more resources in AIDS to better implement prevention, treatment and care measures; on the other hand, multinational drug manufacturers should reduce by a large margin the price of drugs, testing equipment and reagents through technology transfer, contract manufacturing and reduction of monopoly profits in order to promote universal access to treatment services," Yin added.Since AIDS prevention and treatment in China is an important component in the global fight against AIDS, he said, "Progress made in China is a positive contribution globally."The High Level Meeting on AIDS is taking place 10 years after the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS and five years since signing of the Political Declaration in which UN Member States committed to universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.Norway's minister of the environment and international development, Erik Solheim, said, "Prevention and treatment must be mutually reinforcing and better treatment regiments need to be made available."He called for development of innovative methods for prevention.While Solheim said "remarkable" results had been achieved in the last three decades, there still was a need for a " transformation of current working methods."AIDS must be taken out of isolation into an "integrated approach," noting that HIV response has to be connected with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health and "HIV and AIDS programs should be mainstreamed into national health systems, he said.Solheim said that the social, political and economic empowerment of women is crucial and he welcomed the establishment of the new UN agency UN Women."The burden of HIV in the world is reduced but major challenges remain," the minister said. "Our experience is that the approaches that work well on HIV, are those based on rights and on promoting the dignity of people."Celsius Waterberg, the health minister of Suriname, said the nation "is among the few countries in the Caribbean where the incidence of HIV infection has decreased by more than 25 percent."The strides forward are due to a national multi-sectoral HIV Council, setting up structures to provide leadership in quality of services and training in revised treatment protocols, he said.Suriname, the smallest sovereign state in South America, on the northeast coast of the continent, also introduced combined prevention tools and implemented pilot projects successful in mobilizing men for circumcision as an additional preventive measure, Waterberg said.Challenges that need to be overcome include harmful traditions and customs, misconceptions and adverse beliefs, language barriers in a multilingual society and vulnerability of small communities and individuals due to HIV-related stigma, gender inequalities and poverty, he said.Victor Makwenge Kaput, health minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo, said that although the government had made progress in supporting individuals living with HIV and protecting the uninfected, it continues to face many challenges. Indeed, HIV prevalence stood at 3.7 percent for pregnant women and 3 percent for the general population, he said.AIDS' victims increasingly are women and youth with infections particularly concentrated along the Congo River, the minister said. Today, 1.2 million citizens are infected. Total population in the third largest country in Africa, about the size of Western Europe, is 71 million.He said women account for roughly 71,000 new infections each year and the government is now paying particular attention to mother-to-child transmission.Kaput said his long war-torn nation is committed to the global vision of zero infections and appealed for support to curb the spread of HIV.

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 15 (Xinhua) -- Facebook and Yahoo on Monday started to test "six degrees of separation," an iconic social experiment in the 1960s that showed everyone is on average approximately six steps away from any other person on earth.The current Facebook-Yahoo "small world" experiment, based on more than 750 million active Facebook users, is expected to determine the social path length between two strangers.Anyone with a Facebook account can participate by going to smallworld.sandbox.yahoo.com and will be assigned a "target person. " The participant will be asked to select one of his or her Facebook friends, whom will be forwarded a message and then pass the message from friend to friend so that the participant will get a message to the "target person" in as few steps as possible.The study is intended as academic social research and will be published in peer-reviews scientific journal, Duncan Watts, Yahoo' s principal research scientist who is leading the experiment, told San Jose Mercury News.In the 1960s, American social psychologist Stanley Milgram and other researchers conducted several experiments to examine the average path length for social networks of people in the United States, suggesting that human society is a small world type network by around 5.5 people steps or about six people on average.It is now currently accepted that there were potential flaws in the so-called "small world experiment" because the conclusions were based on relatively small number of research samples.

SAN FRANCISCO, June 14 (Xinhua) -- Google on Tuesday unveiled voice search for desktop computers and search-by-image, two new features allowing users to speak their search into the computer and search with the help of images.Speaking at the Internet search giant's Inside Search Event in San Francisco, Mike Cohen, head of Google's speech technology efforts, said its voice search is now available in 27 languages and dialects, an estimated coverage of around 5 billion people or two-thirds of world population.Voice search has already been available in Google's mobile search application from 2008. Adding the feature to desktops is part of Google's strategy to bring mobile innovations to its desktop search.The voice search on desktop performs similarly to voice search on smartphones -- users can click the microphone button and speak the query. It is only available via Google's Chrome browser for now.Cohen noted that the volume of Google mobile speech inputs has increased by six times in the last year.Also at the event, Google introduced search-by-image, which enables users to drag-and-drop, copy-and-paste image URL, or upload the image from the desktop into the search box. They can also use a Chrome or FireFox software extension to add images to the search.Google said the search-by-image feature will be available in most countries and regions over the next few days to Chrome users, noting that it will not collect and store any images that users use.

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