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While there are still questions about whether trick-or-treating will happen in 2020 and how neighborhoods will make it possible, there is no question Americans like their Halloween candy.Sales of Halloween candy and chocolate at grocery stores are up 17 percent over 2019 so far this season, according to the National Confectioners Association. Total sales, including online purchases, is up 13 percent year-over-year.The National Confectioners Association, NCA, represents manufacturers and suppliers of sweet treats, gum, mints and chocolates.Their research showed chocolate is driving the increase. Halloween chocolate sales are up 25 percent over 2019 so far. The NCA released data over the summer showing chocolate was the treat of choice of Americans during the pandemic, with sales increasing five percent March through August over the same time period in 2019. Sales of premium chocolate during that time was up 12 percent year-over-year. Ferrara Candy, which makes Sweetarts, Nerds, Brach’s Candy Corn, Gobstoppers and more, said Halloween sales bring in about .5 billion in sales. In an interview with Axios, CEO Todd Siwak said their company learned a lot from the drop in sales for Easter. This was also the time many stores were closing because of lockdowns to stop the spread of the coronavirus. Even as shopping has picked up a little, they have made some changes.“As the frequency in-store is reduced by the shopper, so fewer trips but bigger baskets, we wanted to make sure we were there presenting the opportunity to consumers,” Siwak said. He added Ferrara Candy created more individually-wrapped confections and got product to stores earlier to extend the selling season.There are still about three weeks until Halloween, and the industry expects sales to increase. Siwak says about 60 percent of the sales for Halloween candy happen in the last few weeks before the holiday.The NCA data also suggested Americans are getting more excited for Halloween in 2020. They found 80 percent believe they will find creative and safe ways to celebrate this year. The response was just 63 percent in July. 2125

With a coronavirus vaccine still months off, companies are rushing to test what may be the next best thing: drugs that deliver antibodies to fight the virus right away, without having to train the immune system to make them.Antibodies are proteins the body makes when an infection occurs; they attach to a virus and help it be eliminated. Vaccines work by tricking the body into thinking there’s an infection so it makes antibodies and remembers how to do that if the real bug turns up.But it can take a month or two after vaccination or infection for the most effective antibodies to form. The experimental drugs shortcut that process by giving concentrated versions of specific ones that worked best against the coronavirus in lab and animal tests.“A vaccine takes time to work, to force the development of antibodies. But when you give an antibody, you get immediate protection,” said University of North Carolina virologist Dr. Myron Cohen. “If we can generate them in large concentrations, in big vats in an antibody factory ... we can kind of bypass the immune system.”These drugs are believed to last for a month or more and could give quick, temporary immunity to people at high risk of infection, such as health workers and housemates of someone with COVID-19. If they proved effective and if a vaccine doesn’t materialize or protect as hoped, the drugs might eventually be considered for wider use, perhaps for teachers or other groups.They’re also being tested as treatments, to help the immune system and prevent severe symptoms or death.“The hope there is to target people who are in the first week of their illness and that we can treat them with the antibody and prevent them from getting sick,” said Dr. Marshall Lyon, an infectious disease specialist helping to test one such drug at Emory University in Atlanta.Having such a tool “would be a really momentous thing in our fight against COVID,” Cohen said.Vaccines are seen as a key to controlling the virus, which has been confirmed to have infected more than 20 million people worldwide and killed more than 738,000. Several companies are racing to develop vaccines, but the results of the large final tests needed to evaluate them are months away.The antibody drugs are “very promising” and, in contrast, could be available “fairly soon,” said Dr. Janet Woodcock, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration official who is leading government efforts to speed COVID-19 therapies. Key studies are underway and some answers should come by early fall.One company, Eli Lilly, has already started manufacturing its antibody drug, betting that studies now underway will give positive results.“Our goal is to get something out as soon as possible” and to have hundreds of thousands of doses ready by fall, said Lilly’s chief scientific officer, Dr. Daniel Skovronsky.Another company that developed an antibody drug cocktail against Ebola — Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. — now is testing one for coronavirus.“The success with our Ebola program gives us some confidence that we can potentially do this again,” said Christos Kyratsous, a Regeneron microbiologist who helped lead that work.Regeneron’s drug uses two antibodies to enhance chances the drug will work even if the virus evolves to evade action by one.Lilly is testing two different, single-antibody drugs — one with the Canadian company AbCellera and another with a Chinese company, Junshi Biosciences. In July, Junshi said no safety concerns emerged in 40 healthy people who tried it and that larger studies were getting underway.Others working on antibody drugs include Amgen and Adaptive Biotechnologies. The Singapore biotech company Tychan Pte Ltd. also is testing an antibody drug and has similar products in development for Zika virus and yellow fever.“I’m cautiously optimistic” about the drugs, said the nation’s top infectious diseases expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci. “I’m heartened by the experience that we had with Ebola,” where the drugs proved effective.What could go wrong?— The antibodies may not reach all of the places in the body where they need to act, such as deep in the lungs. All the antibody drugs are given through an IV and must make their way through the bloodstream to wherever they’re needed.— The virus might mutate to avoid the antibody — the reason Regeneron is testing a two-antibody combo that binds to the virus in different places to help prevent its escape.Skovronsky said Lilly stuck with one antibody because manufacturing capacity would essentially be cut in half to make two, and “you will have less doses available.” If a single antibody works, “we can treat twice as many people,” he said.— The antibodies might not last long enough. If they fade within a month, it’s still OK for treatment since COVID-19 illness usually resolves in that time. But for prevention, it may not be practical to give infusions more often than every month or two.A San Francisco company, Vir Biotechnology Inc., says it has engineered antibodies to last longer than they usually do to avoid this problem. GlaxoSmithKline has invested 0 million in Vir to test them.Giving a higher dose also may help. If half of antibodies disappear after a month, “if you give twice as much, you will have two months’ protection,” Lilly’s Skovronsky said.— The big fear: Antibodies may do the opposite of what’s hoped and actually enhance the virus’s ability to get into cells or stimulate the immune system in a way that makes people sicker. It’s a theoretical concern that hasn’t been seen in testing so far, but large, definitive experiments are needed to prove safety.“As best as we can tell, the antibodies are helpful,” Lyon said.___Marilynn Marchione can be followed on Twitter: @MMarchioneAP___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 5919

What’s sweeter than saying “bye” to the worst year ever? Pepsi “Cocoa” Cola - the latest concept from the Pepsi Test Kitchen. Want to try and get your hands on it? 2,021 RTs and we’ll make a batch.#PepsiCocoaCola pic.twitter.com/WbZeGDGxVM— Pepsi (@pepsi) December 17, 2020 287

With COVID-19 cases spiking across the country once again, Starbucks is bringing back a program that offers free coffee to health care professionals and other essential workers.For the entire month of December, Starbucks is offering a free tall coffee to "any customer who identifies as a front-line responder." Scroll down to see a full list of eligible customers.Starbucks offered the same promotion in March and April, when the coronavirus first spread exploded throughout the U.S. Now, with cases spiking across the country — and expected to increase further ahead of the holidays — Starbucks is bringing the promotion back.Eligible customers can get a free tall hot or iced coffee at "company-operated locations and select licensed stores" now through Dec. 31.Starbucks is also making a 0,000 donation to the National Alliance on Mental Illness to support essential workers who may face mental health hurdles following the new rise in cases. They also plan to surprise 50,000 essential worker customers with "care packages and Starbucks gift cards."According to Starbucks, the following workers are eligble for free coffee: "Front-line health care providers, first responders including: doctors, nurses, public health workers, pharmacists, dispatchers, firefighters, paramedics, police officers, dentists and dental hygienists, mental health workers (therapist, psychologist, social worker, counselor, etc.), hospital staff such as janitor/housekeeping/security, and active-duty military." 1505

When traveling to many places, it’s required to quarantine or get tested for COVID-19 before and after you arrive.Starting Thursday, Iceland is going to let visitors skip all of that if they prove they've had COVID-19 and recovered. But for now, travel from the U.S. to the country still isn't allowed.So, are these so-called immunity passports a good idea?Dr. Ania Wajnberg at Mount Sinai has been studying COVID-19 antibodies since March. Her team has tested more than 80,000 people in the New York area, and they’ve found the majority of people who had COVID-19 form moderate or high levels of antibodies.“Since March and April, almost everybody has maintained their level of antibodies. We do see a slight decrease, but overall, they've maintained their antibody levels,” said Wajnberg.But it's not entirely clear how long immunity does last and how good the protection against COVID-19 is.Wajnberg says we also don't have a lot of data on whether people who have antibodies could still possibly carry enough of the virus that they could spread it.The World Health Organization has advised against immunity passports. It says there's not enough evidence of immunity from antibodies alone.“I think given that we know that many or most people likely have some protection, this is not an unreasonable way to begin to open up society in a safer way than just throwing open the doors and hoping for the best,” said Wajnberg.Iceland's chief epidemiologist says he doesn't think it's fair to people who've had COVID-19, that they shouldn't be allowed to travel freely afterward.Critics of immunity passports warn they could potentially reward reckless people who become infected after ignoring COVID-19 rules or take away more of our medical privacy. 1755