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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The back-to-back announcements of promising clinical trial results from Pfizer and Moderna may usher in a new era for vaccine technology.Both companies have candidates that rely on a new kind of vaccine strategy: RNA. Preliminary data show both candidates are more than 90 percent effective.On the surface, the vaccine candidates look like any other you’ve taken. They work by training your body to build up defensive weapons against a virus, like antibodies and T-cells.But instead of training your body by introducing a killed virus or a fragment of a virus, the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer introduce a set of instructions called messenger RNA enclosed in a little blob of fat.“The key concept of RNA is that they’re messages, and they’re meant as short-term messages,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty said there are 5,000 to 10,000 messages within a cell at any given time.Once administered, the mRNA in the vaccine instructs some of your cells to make the coronavirus’ signature spike protein. The spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus allows it to infiltrate and hijack cells.Even though the spike protein is just one of about 25 genes the virus has, preliminary results from the clinical trials suggest it is enough material to train the immune system without making the recipient sick.Crotty likened the process of training the immune system to spotting a sedan. If the coronavirus is a car, the spike protein might be the door.“There's no way that car door could turn into a whole car, but it's enough of a piece of a car for your immune system to recognize that car if it saw it again,” he said.Scientists started by sequencing the virus’ DNA from a sick patient, then encoding that genetic sequence into an mRNA instruction molecule that can be read by the manufacturing part of cells.From there, Dr. Crotty said it’s a bit like the messenger app Snapchat.The mRNA gets injected into the body, sending temporary instructions to your cells that last for a while, then disappear. mRNA does not genetically modify cells, he stressed.“They’re around as messages for some period of time and then they go away, and the cells get back to their normal job of reading their own messages instead of reading the messages you’re injecting in the vaccine,” he said.The concept has been around since the 1990s, but there are currently no RNA vaccines on the market for any pathogen, so Dr. Crotty said it’s hard to estimate how long their protective effects will last.Some vaccines offer a lifetime of protection, like the measles vaccine. Others offer decades of protection. The flu vaccine only lasts about six months.Dr. Crotty said the length of protection depends on how fast the virus mutates and how long the immune cells survive in the body.But even if the COVID-19 vaccine turns out to need an annual update, he’s optimistic. The best feature of RNA vaccines is that they can be quickly reprogrammed.Both Moderna and Pfizer are still in their Phase 3 trials, but they expect to finish them by December. Together, they estimate they’ll have enough doses for about 35 million people by the end of this year, primarily for healthcare workers and high-risk individuals. 3250

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The city is gearing up to begin enforcing its ban on electric scooters on its beach boardwalks.The ban, which goes into effect Feb. 29, will apply to shared mobility devices on the boardwalks at La Jolla Shores, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and the bayside walk area of Mission Bay. Despite being illegal, the scooters will be geo-fenced to 3 miles-per-hour on the boardwalks, which the city says is slower than typical walking speed and the safest way to enforce the ban. The move comes as scooter companies continue to pull out of San Diego amid other new regulations. City data shows that there 11,300 permitted devices in January, down from 22,300 in July 2019.RELATED: San Diego City Council votes to ban electric scooters from boardwalksThe city installed its first signs warning of the ban at La Jolla Shores, where nobody was riding a scooter down the boardwalk around noon on Thursday. "Honestly, it's probably for the best," said Charlie Scheuch, a surfer who used to ride the scooters but no longer does. "People used to just littler the boardwalk with them, so it's a good decision."Officers will issue warnings for the first 30 days, with citations starting after that. A city spokesman says the fine amounts will be decided by the courts. The City Council voted 5-4 in December to enact the ban after a series of scooter-related injuries on its boardwalks, including one man dying at Mission Beach last summer. RELATED: City preps to enforce scooter boardwalk banIn a statement, Bird Scooter expressed a commitment to work with the city. “While we are disappointed in the City of San Diego’s decision to ban all motorized devices on the boardwalk, we are supportive of Council’s direction to speed up infrastructure improvements along Mission Boulevard," said Tim Harter, the company's senior manager of government partnerships. "We look forward to continuing to partner with the City to help provide a reliable and environmentally friendly transportation option to help locals and visitors easily get around town, connect to transit, and enjoy everything the city has to offer, as well as improving safety measures for all.”Data from Scripps Health shows 96 patients going to its trauma centers after scooter accidents in 2019. That does not include visits to its emergency rooms. 2325

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The latest water main break Sunday in the Midway District is the latest example of San Diego’s aging water system. But the city is working to fix the issue, replacing more than 100 miles of water transmission and distribution pipes.According to city documents, since 2013, San Diego spent 8 million to repair and replace 116 miles of water transmission and distribution pipes.A total of 72 miles of those repairs were on cast iron pipes, the oldest ones in the system. The project started in 2007 and sparked a rate increase to pay for the work.RELATED: Water main break in Midway District causes flooding, shuts down roadAs older piper are replaced, the city has seen the number of water main breaks decrease. "We have more than 3,000 miles of pipeline," said department spokesperson Brent Eidson, "To do it properly, we're probably always going to be replacing pipes."Throughout the project, older pipes made from concrete or cast iron are being replaced with new PVC pipes. Edison says PVC is the industry standard. Pipes made from the material usually last between 50-75 years.The city says its water system extends more than 400 square miles and moves roughly 172 million gallons per day. Included in that area is 49 water pumping stations, 29 treated water storage facilities, three water treatment plants and more than 3,300 miles of pipelines.The city hopes to have all the cast iron distribution lines replaced by 2018-19. The goal is to have all the larger cast iron transmission mains replaced by 2023. Some of the cast iron pipes are nearly 100 years old.The following numbers were provided to 10News by the Public Utilities Department and list the number of breaks over the last six years.2012: 1022013: 952014: 742015: 632016: 852017: 81 (as of October 20)2018: 29 (as of August 5) 1841

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The Christ United Methodist Church's Safe Harbors Network needs help to prepare for the next wave of migrants approaching the US-Mexico border.The network, started in 2016, provides basic necessities for refugees, such as a bed, shower, food, clothes, medical care and legal aide, until their court date."They don't have anything, they have the clothes they're wearing, they don't have phones, they don't have money, they would be homeless, so we take them in," Volunteer Kathryn LaPointe said.In 2016 the majority of their refugees were Haitian, over the past several months they're mostly women and children from Central America."We're taking in between 20 and 30 a night the past few days, most of them were able to send to their families, but I would like to help more people," LaPointe said.Sunday, LaPointe said they're at capacity and need all the help they can get. "Every person that walks in front of me, I ask for a building," she said laughing, "can you please get me a building."The network is comprised of individuals, congregations and organizations who care for refugees. "[Provide] basic human kindness, and," LaPointe said as she sighed heavily, "I am so grateful to be able to do that to extend that kindness and I would like to extend that kindness to more people." 1347

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The man accused of killing his parents and sister in a Logan Heights house fire pleaded not guilty in court Tuesday. Wilber Romero, 26, is facing charges that include first-degree murder and arson in the October 13 blaze. The fire started around 4:30 a.m. on the 3100 block of Clay Street. 44-year-old Jose Romero died at the scene while his wife and daughter, Nicolasa Maya-Romero, 46, and Iris Romero, 21, died at the hospital in the days following the blaze.The family’s 23-year-old daughter remains hospitalized. A 16-year-old son, who was injured when he escaped out a window, was released following treatment. RELATED: Family's oldest son charged in Logan Heights house fire deathsProsecutors in court Tuesday said Wilber started the fire before escaping through a side door, taking the family's dog with him. Wilber is being held on million bail and faces life in prison if convicted. Court documents show the fire wasn’t the first time he allegedly targeted his family. Wilber reportedly attacked his father with a brick and rocks and damaged his car in September of 2018.The incident prompted a police standoff that ended when police shot bean bags at Wilber and released a police dog, documents show.The documents go on to state Wilber was in a car accident when he was 6-years-old and that he has suffered from a learning disability since the crash.According to the documents, Wilber also struggled with drug addiction. 1461