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The Supreme Court appears deeply divided about whether it can address partisan gerrymandering and come up with a standard to decide when politicians go too far in using politics to draw congressional districts that benefit one party over another.Hearing a case on Wednesday challenging a district in Maryland, several of the justices suggested that the issue could be addressed by the courts, but grappled with how to devise a manageable standard to govern future legislative maps.How the court rules could dramatically impact future races, as Democrats try to win back the House amid widespread unhappiness at President Donald Trump. Recently a state court in Pennsylvania redrew congressional districts there, possibly serving to erase the Republicans' 12-6 district advantage.Wednesday's case was brought by a group of Republican voters in Maryland who say Democrats went too far in redrawing districts after the last census.At one point during their one hour of oral arguments, Justice Stephen Breyer wondered whether the court should take the two challenges it has already heard dealing with maps in Wisconsin and Maryland, and another case out of North Carolina and hold arguments again next fall.The suggestion could have interesting implications if Justice Anthony Kennedy, who has been considering retirement and could be a key vote in the case, were to step down at the end of this term.On the issue of partisan gerrymandering, Breyer acknowledged that there seemed like "a pretty clear violation of the Constitution in some form" but he worried that the court needed a "practical remedy" so that judges would not have to get involved in "dozens and dozens and dozens of very important political decisions."Justice Elena Kagan pointed to the case at hand and said that Democrats had gone "too far" and took a "safe" Republican district and made it into a "pretty safe one" for Democrats. She referenced a deposition that then Democratic Gov. Martin O'Malley gave where he said his intent was to create a map "that all things being legal and equal, would nonetheless be more likely to elect more Democrats rather than less."Kagan asked a lawyer for Maryland, "How much more evidence of partisan intent could we need?"Breyer seemed to urge his more conservative colleagues to step in, for the first time, and devise a framework for how to address gerrymandering.Pointing to the particular facts in the case he said, "We will never have such a record again.""What do we do, just say goodbye... forget it," Breyer asked.The challengers say former Democratic Gov. Martin O'Malley led the charge to redraw the lines to unseat long-time GOP incumbent Rep. Roscoe Bartlett. They argue that Democrats diluted the votes of Republicans in the district by moving them to another district that had a safe margin for Democrats.In 2010, Bartlett won his district with by 28 percentage points, but he lost after the new maps were drawn in 2012 by 21 percentage points.But Justice Samuel Alito seemed to be on the other side of the spectrum and said, "Hasn't this Court said time and again you can't take all consideration of partisan advantage out of redistricting?"Justice Anthony Kennedy, whose vote could be critical, did not tip his hand but indicated that the current map, no matter what happens in the court, would have to be used in the next cycle.While the Supreme Court has a standard limiting the overreliance on race in map drawing except under the most limited circumstances, it has never been successful in developing a test concerning political gerrymandering. If the justices do come up with a standard, it could reshape the political landscape.In court, Michael Kimberly, a lawyer for the challengers, said that the Democratic politicians violated the free speech rights of voters by retaliating against them based on their party registration and prior voting history.He said that government officials may not "single out" a voter based on the votes he cast before.Maryland Solicitor General Steven Sullivan defended the map and suggested that the courts should stay out of an issue that is "inherently political." He argued that if the challengers prevail in their First Amendment challenge, it will mean that any partisan motive by political players would constitutionally doom all district maps.Justice Neil Gorsuch, appearing to agree with Sullivan, noted that the maps had been approved by the legislature.The challengers suffered a setback in the lower court when a special three-judge panel of federal judges refused to issue a preliminary injunction.Last year, the Supreme Court heard a similar political gerrymandering case in Wisconsin.That case was a statewide challenge brought by Democratic challengers to Republican-drawn state legislative maps. Challengers rely on both the First Amendment charge and say the maps violated the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment.It is unclear why the Supreme Court added the Maryland case to the docket after hearing arguments in the Wisconsin case. 5026

The US Food and Drug Administration on Thursday announced the approval of?the first generic version of EpiPen.The auto-injector pen delivers the drug epinephrine to patients experiencing a severe allergic reaction that, if untreated, could develop into the life-threatening condition of anaphylaxis. The medication is delivered into a muscle as a single dose, like a shot, through an injector pen with a spring.Allergies from food, bug bites, medications and latex can cause life-threatening reactions.The newly approved generic is made by Teva Pharmaceuticals and offers an alternative for patients who, until now, have been able to use only the brand-name EpiPen made by Mylan. It is approved in a smaller dose for children, as well.There are two other brand products on the market for a severe allergic reaction: Adrenaclick and Auvi-Q.The newly approved option made by Teva is the only approved non-brand option and can be substituted only for Mylan's EpiPen."Today's approval of the first generic version of the most-widely prescribed epinephrine auto-injector in the U.S. is part of our longstanding commitment to advance access to lower cost, safe and effective generic alternatives once patents and other exclusivities no longer prevent approval," FDA Commissioner Dr. Scott Gottlieb said in a statement announcing the approval.In recent years, Mylan came under fire for a price increase that put the product out of reach for many who needed to keep the drug on hand. 1488

The United Kingdom says it will be the first to conduct COVID-19 vaccine human challenge trials.It's different than other vaccine studies. People will be deliberately infected with the virus, which speeds up the research process.Pending approval, the process will start in January at a London hospital. It will require about 90 healthy young adults between the ages of 18 and 30.The group 1 Day Sooner has recruited from all over the world, including 3,000 Britons.“If the vaccine works, then ideally, people don't get infected and if people do, then they will be closely monitored and treated, but because these are young and healthy people taking part in the trial, I think, researchers feel comfortable doing so because the risks of death are on par with something like kidney donation for people who are young and healthy,” said Abie Rohrig with 1 Day Sooner.Before researchers test the vaccine, they'll do a characterization study. That's where volunteers are infected by getting a vaccine to determine the right amount of virus to give during the trial.Because of the risk, 1 Day Sooner is advocating for the entire process to be made public.Results could come in May. Even though that's likely after other COVID-19 vaccines are licensed, it's still important because we need billions of doses and because of the unique data human challenge trials provide.“Researchers can understand how the virus works in the human body. They can understand the biological markers of immunity. In fact, much of our understanding of other types of coronaviruses come from challenge studies that were conducted in the 1960s in Britain,” said Rohrig.Human challenge volunteers are paid and monitored for at least a year after. 1722

The three-star general is leaving Puerto Rico, ending his mission of providing relief from the devastation of Hurricane Maria.Troops are being pulled out, too, along with helicopters that have flown supplies and equipment to communities cut off by landslides and broken roads.Yet government statistics say power is still not on for more than half of homes and businesses, and water is out for more than 1 in 10.Lieutenant General Jeffrey Buchanan recognizes that Puerto Rico is far from back to normal, but seven weeks after the hurricane hit, he insists the time is right to pass the baton."I think we're in the right place to transition," he tells CNN on the last day of his deployment. 696

The small town of Palisade, Colorado is home to just over 2,700 people. It is a town filled with family-run farms and fruit orchards, and stores that adorn their fronts with as many signs in English as Spanish.Every spring the town’s population increases by a few hundred people because of migrants who come to work on those farms and orchards on H-2A visas, which allow them legal residence in the United States without becoming a citizen.“I love my workers. They know my farmland better than I do,” said Bruce Talbott, who owns a farm in town and has been using H-2A workers for decades.Once the pandemic hit in March, however, things began to change. As farmers markets and restaurants that supply Talbott with most of his revenue began to close because of safety measures, the need for his 50 workers started to dwindle.Then, in April, an early-season freeze killed off 85 percent of his peach crop, forcing him to cut his staff from 50 migrant workers to eight.“Some guys ended up going back home against their will, others chose to go back home,” said Talbott. “[It was hard because] our guys really like working here.”Talbott says he was able to shift his workers to a farm in South Carolina looking for help so they did not lose their jobs, but others across the country were not as lucky as migrant workers who rely on their income in the United States to support their families were left without a job.“This year will be one the historians love and one we’ll be glad to end,” said Talbott.Many farms in Palisade and other parts of the country ended their contracts with the Department of Labor because of the reduced need which cut down on the number of migrants who could come to the United States for work.In other cases, migrant workers who had started work on farms had their hours reduced, forcing them to lean on local organizations for help.“I forecast a lot of belt tightening and struggling, honestly, to keep bills paid,” said Karalyn Dunn, executive director of Palisade’s Child and Migrant Services.Dunn’s office is small, but it is bustling with migrants in Palisade looking for meals and financial security. Since March, her organization has supplied migrant workers with free meals and hand sanitizer while also pitching in on rent, utilities, and food for groceries.“A gentleman just called and told me it looks like his work is over for this season and he’d like to come over and get a meal,” she said.The reduction in work does not only affect migrant workers but businesses in the towns, where they reside as they rely on their business to make a living as well.“Our local grocery stores made the comment that if we have a peach crop they have a profitable year. If we don’t have a peach crop, they break even,” said Talbott. 2762