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In the coming weeks and months, several coronavirus vaccines will begin making their way to our cities in a hope to curtail the spread of a virus that has put a halt on our everyday lives and filled the nation's hospital rooms.Yasir Batalvi, 24, signed up for one of these trials and was among the first Americans to be vaccinated against the coronavirus. The Boston-area resident was among those who participated in Moderna’s coronavirus vaccine trial.Moderna’s vaccine has been hailed as a medical breakthrough. The vaccine has been considered 94.1% effective against the virus. According to Moderna, none of the thousands who were given two shots of the vaccine had severe COVID-19 symptoms. That is compared to 30 patients who were given a placebo who had symptoms.While the vaccine could nearly eliminate the number of hospitalizations and deaths associated with the virus, the shot might result in some symptoms."I actually had some pretty significant symptoms after I got the second dose. Once I got the second dose, I was fine while I was in the hospital. But that evening was rough. I mean, I developed a low-grade fever, and fatigue and chills," Batalvi told CNN.But by the next day, Batalvi said he felt “ready to go.”In an interview with CNN last week, Operation Warp Speed chief scientific adviser Moncef Slaoui said that 10 to 15% of those immunized had noticeable side effects.“Most people will have much less noticeable side effects. That frankly -- in comparison to a 95% protection against an infection that can be deadly or significantly debilitating -- I think is an appropriate balance," he told CNN.Batalvi was entered in a double blind trial, meaning he doesn’t know if he was given a placebo or the actual vaccine."I hope once this vaccine comes out, people feel confident taking it. I mean, I'm right here: I took the vaccine -- it was all right. I think we can get through this," he told CNN.In order to obtain an emergency use authorization, the FDA will weigh the vaccine’s benefits against possible side effects. 2049

In hospitals, one bacterial species is becoming increasingly tolerant to the alcohols used in hand sanitizers, according to research published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine.Globally, hospitals use isopropyl or ethyl alcohol-based disinfectants, such as hand rubs, to prevent patients from becoming sick from many germs. These are the same active ingredients found in hand sanitizers available for personal use and at schools -- but that doesn't mean people should give up on them.The bacterium Enterococcus faecium resides in our guts, but if encountered in a hospital, it can cause various complicated infections affecting the abdomen, skin, urinary tract and blood. This particular bug is a member of the Enterococci family, which ranks as the fourth and fifth leading cause of sepsis, a life-threatening bloodstream infection, in North America and Europe, respectively.Many hospital-acquired infections have decreased or been kept in check by Australia's strict hygiene practices that rely on alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Yet drug-resistant E. faecium infections have increased in Australian hospitals over time, according to the study authors.This alarming pattern prompted them to investigate whether E. faecium might be developing resistance to the alcohols used in hand rubs. 1343

International auction house Bonhams has canceled an upcoming sale of rhino products amid mounting pressure from environmental groups, it was announced Friday.The auction, which was due to take place in Hong Kong next week, would have featured more than 20 antiques carved from rhino horn, including a vase, a hairpin, a pouring vessel and a variety of drinking cups.In a statement provided to CNN, Bonhams global CEO Matthew Girling said: "(We recognize) there are widely held concerns about this issue and have decided that the sale of the rhinoceros carving scheduled to take place in Hong Kong on 27 November will now not take place."An online catalog for the sale, which had been titled "Exceptional Chinese Rhinoceros Horn Carvings from the Angela Chua Collection," has been removed from the auction house's website.Girling also announced that Bonhams would join the likes of Christie's in barring rhino horn items from its auctions."In future Bonhams will not offer artifacts made entirely or partly from rhinoceros horn in its salerooms," the statement said.The decision follows objections from high-profile conservation groups, including WildAid. An online petition, addressed directly to Girling, called the auction "unethical" and "unsustainable," suggesting that the sale would stimulate poaching.The petition, which had been signed almost 10,000 times at the time of writing, also claimed that the sale was "quite likely illegal," and composed of "horns from recently poached rhinos" rather than antiques.Girling refuted such suggestions in his statement, claiming that all rhino carvings that pass through the auction house are antiques with "known provenance" and requisite licenses."Bonhams stands behind the professionalism and expertise of its specialists," he added.The use of rhino horn in Chinese art and crafts dates back millennia. Carved cups, such as those featured in the Bonhams auction, were thought to protect their users from poisoning. It was once believed that rhino horn reacted with poison, producing a fizzing that would alert drinkers to danger.Despite global efforts to combat poaching, antique rhino horn items can still be bought and sold if they carry a license issued by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).Bonhams, which is headquartered in London, is considered among the world's oldest and largest fine art auction houses. Rhino products previously sold by Bonhams include a cup dating back to the 17th century, which sold for 4,000 earlier this year.Rhino horn items recently sold at the auction house's UK salerooms include a Buddhist carving from Nepal, which went for ￡40,000 (,000), and another elaborate Chinese cup worth ￡25,000 (,000). Other lots have included snuff bottles and walking sticks.A senior specialist for wildlife programs and policy at Humane Society International, Iris Ho, welcomed Friday's decision."We applaud Bonhams for canceling the November 27 auction of rhino carvings and warmly welcome its pledge of not offering any rhino horn artifacts in the future," she told CNN in an emailed statement."The price to do the right thing -- choosing saving rhinos over profiting from rhino horn sales -- is priceless. The responsibility of ensuring the survival of the remaining wild rhinos, less than 30,000 of them, rests upon all of us."Conservationists, including Humane Society International, also mounted pressure on auction house Sotheby's to withdraw rhino horn items from one of its upcoming sales.A two-day Chinese art auction, set to take place at Sotheby's Hong Kong next week, had featured three rhino horn items with a combined value of up to 420,000 Hong Kong dollars (,000), according to an online catalog.As of Saturday, Sotheby's announced it would withdraw the three rhino horn related lots from the sale in an e-mail statement. Chairman of Sotheby's Asia Nicholas Chow confirmed the auction house would no longer offer rhino artifacts in the future.The outcry comes less than a month after China announced that it was relaxing laws prohibiting the sale of rhino and tiger products for "medical" purposes. 4134

It may not be as oft-quoted as the First Amendment or as contested as the Second Amendment, but the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution plays a critical role in supporting some of our closest-held notions of American freedom and equality.For one, it clearly states that American citizenship is a birthright for all people who are born on American soil -- something that President Donald Trump has announced he wants to end. Not only would this unravel 150 years of American law, it would loosen a significant cornerstone of the Constitution's interpretation of American identity.In order to better understand this part of the 14th Amendment, we asked two experts in constitutional and immigration law to walk us through the first section. The amendment has five sections, but we will only be dealing with the first, which contains the Citizenship Clause and three other related clauses.But first, some historyThe 14th Amendment is known as a Reconstruction amendment, because it was added to the Constitution after the Civil War in 1868. That places it at an important historical crossroads, when lingering wounds of divisiveness and animosity still plagued the nation and the reality of a post-slavery America begged contentious racial and social questions."Thomas Jefferson said men were created equal, but the original Constitution betrayed that promise by allowing for slavery," says Jeffrey Rosen. "The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were designed to enshrine Lincoln's promise of a new America."However, as so often is the case, this reaffirmed American ideal fell short of reality. Rosen notes that issues of civil rights and equal treatment continued to be denied to African Americans, LGBT people and other citizens for more than a century after the amendment's ratification.And Erika Lee points out that Native Americans weren't even allowed to become citizens until 1925."Even as [these amendments] were written, obviously there were major built-in inequalities and maybe at the time weren't intended to apply to everyone," Lee says.Why was citizenship by birthright such an important concept?"Citizenship was a central question left open by the original Constitution," says Rosen. "At the time it was written, the Constitution assumed citizenship, but it didn't provide any rules for it. In the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Chief Justice said African Americans can't be citizens of the US and 'had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.'"The US Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case, named for a slave who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom, has since been widely condemned.READ MORE: Scott v. Sandford"The 14th Amendment was designed to overturn this decision and define citizenship once and for all, and it was based on birthright," Rosen says. "It is really important that it's a vision of citizenship based on land rather than blood. It is an idea that anyone can be an American if they commit themselves to our Constitutional values."What does it mean to be "subject to the jurisdiction thereof?"According to Rosen, this is one of the greatest questions of citizenship. There are two clear examples of people not subject to the jurisdictions of the United States: diplomats and their children, and -- at the time of the 14th Amendment -- Native Americans, who were not recognized as part of the American populace."With those two exceptions, everyone who was physically present in the United States was thought to be under its jurisdiction," Rosen says. "There are numerous Supreme Court cases that reaffirm that understanding, and almost as importantly, there are lots of congressional statutes that assume birthright citizenship."Some scholars, like John Eastman of the Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, have argued that children of illegal immigrants are not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the US and thus should not be considered citizens under the Constitution.But Rosen says this is a minority view among constitutional scholars of all political backgrounds."While the Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled [on the instance of children of illegal immigrants], Congress has passed all kinds of laws presuming their citizenship," Rosen says.What is the connection between birthright citizenship and immigration?In 1898, 30 years after the 14th Amendment was adopted, the Supreme Court reached a defining decision in a case known as the United States v. Wong Kim Ark. Lee explains that Wong Kim Ark was the American-born son of Chinese immigrants."Asian immigrants were the first immigrants to the US that couldn't be considered white," Lee says. "So they are treated differently. They are taxed differently, they are stripped of many rights. In the 1880s, they are excluded from immigration and barred from citizenship."READ MORE: The United States v. Wong Kim ArkSo, the main question of the case was, could a person born in America be a citizen in a place where his parents could not be as well? The Supreme Court decided yes, and the case remains the first defining legal decision made under the banner of birthright citizenship."[The Supreme Court's decision] said that the right of citizenship is not a matter of inheritance, that it never descends from generation to generation, it is related to where you're born," Lee says. "It's about the power of place. That has been a very expansive, and at the time, a corrective measure to a more exclusionary definition both legally as well as culturally as to what an American is."Why must it be stated that the privileges of citizenship need to be protected?Before the Civil War, states didn't necessarily have to follow the provisions stated in the Bill of Rights; only Congress had to. The 14th Amendment changed that."This second sentence of the Amendment means that states have to respect the Bill of Rights as well as basic civil rights and the rights that come along with citizenship," Rosen says. "The idea was that there were rights that were so basic; so integral to citizenship that they could not be narrowed by the states."Despite the promises and protections of citizenship, Lee says it is abundantly clear that different racial groups were, and often are, seen as unable or unworthy to function as true American citizens. After all, basic rights of citizenship, like suffrage and equal treatment, were denied certain racial groups for a hundred years after the 14th Amendment."The idea of a law applying to 'all people' seems to be clear. But in reality, the debate and the laws and practices that get established are very much based on a hierarchy of, well sure, all persons, but some are more fit and some are more deserving than others," she says.Throughout history, Asian immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Muslim immigrants and their children, to name a few, have had unspoken cultural caveats applied to their ability to be Americans."For Asian immigrants, the racial argument at the time was that 'It didn't matter whether one were born in the US or not, Asians as a race, are unassimilable. They are diametrically opposite from us Americans,'" Lee says."That was the argument that was used to intern Japanese citizens. It was the denial of citizenship in favor of race: 'The ability to become American, the ability to assimilate, they just didn't have it.'"Why was it important to legalize rights for non-citizens?So far, we've covered the first clause, the Citizenship Clause, and the second, the Privileges and Immunities Clause. These both deal with American citizens.The final two clauses, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection clause, are a little different, and deal with the rights of all people in the United States.Eagle-eyed Constitution readers will notice that the 14th Amendment contains a "due process" clause very similar to the Fifth Amendment. This, says Rosen, was a technical addition to ensure the Fifth Amendment wasn't theoretically narrowed down to protect only American citizens."The 14th Amendment distinguishes between the privileges of citizenship and the privileges of all people," Rosen says. "The framers [of the amendment] thought there were certain rights that were so important that they should be extended to all persons, and in order to specify that they needed a new 'due process' clause."What does it mean to have 'equal protection of the laws'?"At the time following the Civil War, at its core, it meant all persons had the right to be protected by the police, that the laws of the country should protect all people," Rosen says. "In the 20th century, more broader questions were litigated under the 14th Amendment, like Brown v. Board of Education -- whether segregation was constitutional. Cases involving the internment of Japanese citizens, case from the marriage equality decisions, even Roe vs. Wade have strains of equal protection language and invoke due process law."READ MORE: Brown v. Board of EducationAnother interesting case that speaks directly to the immigration side of the 14th Amendment debate is the 1982 case of Plyler v. Doe, in which the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for the state of Texas to deny funding for undocumented immigrant children.READ MORE: Plyler v. DoeWhy are we talking about all this right now?This week,?Trump vowed to end the right to citizenship for the children of non-citizens and unauthorized immigrants born on US soil.But his interest in repealing birthright citizenship isn't a new idea. Lee says for the last 30 years or so, there have been several overtures by the political right to explore "citizenship reform," a timeline that she says aligns with the ascendancy of modern American conservatism.Lee fears if the current push to end birthright citizenship is successful, it could have wider implications than most people assume. People from other countries who are here legally on work or student visas, for instance, could have children who do not legally belong to the only country they know."There have been attempts since the 1990s to break away birthright citizenship, or narrow it down, and it did not seem that they would have a chance at succeeding until now," she says."To me this not only reflects the ascendancy of an extreme right position but also a return to a very narrow and exclusionary definition of Americanness." 10356

It's that time of year again, not only for gift-getting but also for gift-giving. And this year, some holiday tipping protocol is changing due to the pandemic.An appropriate holiday tip amount will vary based on who is receiving the tip and also how much you can afford to give, and this year that might have changed for many compared to last.Co-president of The Emily Post Institute and etiquette expert, Lizzie Post, suggests considering the following:"Who’s on your list, who is really important to you, what is your budget, and how can you use your words if you can’t do a gift or tip," she said.For many of us, delivery drivers or people who work curbside pick-up at grocery stores likely played a bigger role in 2020 than ever before. If you're looking for a way to say thank you, consider a contact-less gift in the range."I’ve heard of people handing over a few bucks or sometimes even taping it in the trunk, then you pop the trunk and the money’s there," said Industry Analyst at Creditcards.com Ted Rossman, who's gathered data on holiday tipping trends and practices.Especially now, metro Detroit servers like Patrick Foody say an extra gesture really goes a long way. He works at Basement Burger Bar in Detroit, which doesn't have outdoor dining and due to an epidemic health order from MDHHS, cannot offer dine-in service until Dec. 20.Foody says he often doesn't get any tip at all when working take-out, and after tipping out cooks and dishwashers, he sometimes loses money on orders.“We take care of you all year long. Around the holidays especially this year when we’re not working dine-in, just to throw a little bit more care our way if you can," he said.You can also buy gift cards to restaurants in lieu of giving extra cash tips for the holiday; some venues like Basement Burger Car offer discounts or deals. At Basement Burger Bar, every in gift cards you spend gives you bonus bucks to spend at the restaurant, Foody says.“There are some industries, some places where they cannot accept gifts or cash, Post said. Like certain long-term care facilities or mail carriers. USPS workers cannot accept cash or gifts more than a value.In cases like that, Post suggests snacks, refreshments, or baked goods with a handwritten note. It's important to make sure there's enough to be shared with co-workers or other members of an office or branch; always leave a note and a visible list of ingredients, Post advises. And this year due to the pandemic, pre-packaged or individually wrapped items are best.“A minority of people are tipping their trash or recycling collectors, only about 40 percent of people typically do that," Rossman said.Cash tips for garbage or recycling collectors should generally be in the - range according to The Emily Post InstituteFor personal service providers like stylists, barbers, personal trainers, dog walkers, and the like, a holiday tip should be the value of one session or serviceFor regular babysitters, an appropriate holiday bonus would be equivalent to one day or night's payLive-in care providers or house cleaners should be given one week's pay as a sign of holiday appreciationPost said for those who cannot afford to give a monetary thanks this holiday season, handwritten notes that explain the difficult circumstances and offer appreciation for service go a long way.Click here for more holiday tipping protocols to remember this year.This story originally reported by Jenn Schanz on WXYZ.com. 3485

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