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WASHINGTON, Nov. 16 (Xinhua) -- Data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft have provided scientists evidence of what appears to be a body of liquid water, equal in volume to the North American Great Lakes, beneath the icy surface of Jupiter's moon, Europa, the U.S. space agency announced Wednesday.The data suggest there is significant exchange between Europa's icy shell and the ocean beneath. This information could bolster arguments that Europa's global subsurface ocean represents a potential habitat for life elsewhere in our solar system. The findings will be published Thursday in the scientific journal Nature.Europa, which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon, is believed to have a large ocean of salty water deep beneath its frozen crust. Galileo spacecraft, launched by the space shuttle Atlantis in 1989, studied Jupiter, which is the most massive planet in the solar system, and some of its many moons.Pictures of it sent back by Galileo point to a tortured surface of cracks and jumbled ice. Seeking to understand how such weird topography evolved in a place with such dim sunlight, scientists believe that the answer lies in similar processes on Earth.Their model suggests that Europa's ice shell is about 10 kilometers thick and within it are giant pockets of water, lying at depths as shallow as three kilometers. Warm water from these sub-surface lakes wells up in plumes, causing the ice to become brittle, crack and then collapse. The ice turnover would be a plus for the prospects for life, as it would transfer energy and nutrients between the sub-glacial lake and the surface."One opinion in the scientific community has been if the ice shell is thick, that's bad for biology. That might mean the surface isn't communicating with the underlying ocean," said Britney Schmidt, lead author of the paper and postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin. " Now, we see evidence that it's a thick ice shell that can mix vigorously and new evidence for giant shallow lakes. That could make Europa and its ocean more habitable.""The data opens up some compelling possibilities," said Mary Voytek, director of NASA's Astrobiology Program. "However, scientists worldwide will want to take a close look at this analysis and review the data before we can fully appreciate the implication of these results."

WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

BEIJING, Dec. 30 (Xinhua) -- Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo and U.S. National Security Advisor Tom Donilon held a telephone conversation on China-U.S. relations on Friday.The two senior officials reviewed recent developments in China-U.S. relations and agreed to carry out in 2012 the important consensus reached between the heads of state of the two countries.They also pledged to strengthen dialogue, mutual trust and cooperation, properly handle disputes, and promote a healthy and steady development of China-U.S. relations.Dai and Donilon also exchanged views on other issues of common concern.

SINGAPORE, Dec. 18 (Xinhua) -- Two Chinese Navy ships called at Singapore's Changi port on Sunday on their way back to China from an escort mission in the Gulf of Aden and the waters off Somali.The destroyer Wuhan and the frigate Yulin were part of the ninth flotilla dispatched by China in July to guard commercial ships in the troubled waters against pirates.They are stopping over in Singapore for three days to replenish fuel, water and other logistic supplies, officials said.The task force will also have exchanges with the Singapore side on anti-pirate efforts, and visit Singapore's Information Fusion Center, which is aimed to promote collaboration and information sharing in maritime security.The Chinese sailors were received at the port in Changi Naval Base on Sunday morning by Colonel Tan Kai Cheong, commander of the 3rd Flotilla, Singapore Navy; Chinese Ambassador to Singapore Wei Wei and other Chinese diplomats, as well as representatives of Chinese companies and the Chinese community in Singapore.Guan Jianguo, commander of the Chinese flotilla, said the task force left the port of Zhanjiang in Guangdong province on July 2. The two Chinese naval warships made port calls in Kuwait and Oman for friendly visits before stopping over at Singapore.The Chinese flotilla escorted 280 commercial vessels, including both Chinese and foreign ships, during the five months of the escort mission in the Gulf of Aden and the waters off Somali.Sixteen of the escorted vessels were Singapore-registered.The Chinese task force and the anti-pirate flotilla dispatched by Singapore also organized exchange visits, and the commanders of the two flotillas also met for exchanges.The Chinese Navy ships will leave Singapore on Tuesday for their home country.

BEIJING, Nov. 25 (Xinhua) -- The BRICS members should make joint efforts to help ease tension in the Middle East and support the region's countries in carrying out political transition and social reconstruction on their own, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Weimin said Friday.Liu made the remarks at a daily press briefing, after Vice Foreign Minister Zhai Jun attended a deputy foreign ministers' conference of the BRICS in the Russian capital of Moscow on Thursday.The BRICS countries' enhanced communication and coordination, joint maintenance of the basic principles of international law, and opposition to foreign armed interference in the region are in line with the common interests of Middle East countries and the international community, Liu said."China will make concerted efforts with the international society, including BRICS members, to make constructive contribution to the Middle East's peace, stability and development," Liu said.The spokesman quoted Zhai Jun as saying at the Moscow conference that the Middle East's situation has a significant impact on international politics, economy and security in addition to the impact on the political and social situations in the region.It conforms with the common interests of the region's countries and the international community for the Middle East to be politically open and inclusive, independent in foreign policy, sustainable in economic development, and peaceful and stable in security matters, Zhai was quoted as saying.Liu Weimin said a joint communique was issued at the Moscow conference. The communique called on various parties to respect the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Middle East countries, have extensive dialogues by peaceful means, and make active efforts to seek solutions to the crisis.The BRICS members oppose the interference in the Middle East countries' internal affairs by foreign forces, advocate the positive role of the United Nations Security Council, and urge various parties to strictly observe the authorization of the UN Security Council, according to Liu.BRICS is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

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