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WASHINGTON, May 11 (Xinhua) -- Johns Hopkins University researchers have demonstrated that human liver cells derived from adult cells coaxed into an embryonic state can engraft and begin regenerating liver tissue in mice with chronic liver damage.The work, published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine, suggests that liver cells derived from so- called "induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)" could one day be used as an alternative to liver transplant in patients with serious liver diseases, bypassing long waiting lists for organs and concerns about immune system rejection of donated tissue."Our findings provide a foundation for producing functional liver cells for patients who suffer liver diseases and are in need of transplantation," says Yoon-Young Jang, assistant professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. "iPSC-derived liver cells not only can be generated in large amounts, but also can be tailored to each patient, preventing immune-rejection problems associated with liver transplants from unmatched donors or embryonic stem cells." A microsopic view shows human embryonic stem cells in various stages of differentiation into liver cells in this photo taken at Stanford University and released by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, March 9, 2009iPSCs are made from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic stem cell-like state, with the ability to transform into different cell types. Human iPSCs can be generated from various tissues, including skin, blood and liver cells.Although the liver can regenerate in the body, end-stage liver failure caused by diseases like cirrhosis and cancers eventually destroy the liver's regenerative ability, Jang says. Currently, the only option for those patients is to receive a liver organ or liver cell transplant, a supply problem given the severe shortage of donor liver tissue for transplantation. In addition, mature liver cells and adult liver stem cells are difficult to isolate or grow in the laboratory, she says. By contrast, iPSCs can be made from a tiny amount of many kinds of tissue; and the embryonic stem- like iPSCs can grow in laboratory cultures indefinitely.For the study, Jang and colleagues generated human iPSCs from a variety of adult human cells, including liver cells, fibroblasts ( connective tissue cells), bone marrow stem cells and skin cells. They found that though the iPSCs overall were molecularly similar to each other and to embryonic stem cells, they retained a distinct molecular "signature" inherited from the cell of origin.

LOS ANGELES, April 12 (Xinhua) -- With the help of NASA Telescopes, astronomers have uncovered one of the youngest galaxies in the distant universe, with stars that formed 13.5 billion years ago, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Tuesday.The finding addresses questions about when the first galaxies arose, and how the early universe evolved, JPL noted in a press release.Infrared data from both the Hubble Space Telescope and the post- coolant, or "warm," phase of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope mission revealed that the galaxy's stars are quite mature, which means they must have formed when the universe was just a toddler, said JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.This challenges theories of how soon galaxies formed in the first years of the universe and could even help solve the mystery of how the hydrogen fog that filled the early universe was cleared, according to astronomers involved in the study.This galaxy is not the most distant ever observed, but it is one of the youngest to be observed with such clarity, JPL said.Normally, galaxies like this one are extremely faint and difficult to study, but, in this case, nature has provided the astronomers with a cosmic magnifying glass, JPL said.The galaxy's image is being magnified by the gravity of a massive cluster of galaxies parked in front of it, making it appear 11 times brighter. This phenomenon is called gravitational lensing."Without this big lens in space, we could not study galaxies this faint with currently available observing facilities," said Eiichi Egami of the University of Arizona in Tucson. "Thanks to nature, we have this great opportunity to see our universe as it was eons ago."The findings may help explain how the early universe became " reionized," according to JPL."Seeing a galaxy as it appeared near the beginning of the universe is an awe-inspiring feat enabled by innovative technology and the fortuitous effect of gravitational lensing," Jon Morse, NASA's Astrophysics Division director at the agency's headquarters in Washington, said in the release."Observations like this open a window across space and time, but more importantly, they inspire future work to one day peer at the stars that lit up the universe following the big bang."

BEIJING, Feb. 11 (Xinhua) -- China's foreign exchange regulator said Friday it did not suffer any losses from its investment in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac bonds, adding that media reports of up to 450 billion U.S. dollars of losses were "groundless.""Up until now, the capital and interest repayments of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac bonds is normal, and no losses have incurred," The State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) said on its website.Annual yields of the bonds were around 6 percent between 2008 and 2010, the SAFE said.The regulator, which oversees China's more than 2 trillion U.S. dollars of foreign exchange reserve, also clarifies it had not bought any stocks of the two troubled mortgage companies.UPI reported on Friday that the Obama Administration will propose phasing out the two mortgage giants after rescuing them, which is part of a U.S. Treasury Department white paper to Congress that lays out three ways of cutting government support to the 10.6 trillion U.S. dollars mortgage market.

PANAMA CITY, April 17 (Xinhua) -- In Latin America there are 600,000 people infected with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and about 50 percent of them receive treatment, regional director of UNAIDS for Latin America Cesar Nunez said on Sunday."We have to work a lot for the other half get treatment," Nunez told Xinhua during the 124th Assembly of the Inter-parliamentarian Assembly hosted in Panama City from April 15 to 20.Nunez urged the governments of the region to redouble efforts to control this pandemic, by improving the prevention campaigns to stop new infections."The availability of the medicines has grown in the last 10 years and the countries have taken this commitment, however, the number of infections each time is bigger than the number of people we can treat," he said.According to Nunez, despite the increase of new infections among women, the men sector continue being one of the most affected social groups by this virus."In Latin America we have an epidemic where the most affected are men, followed by homosexuals, lesbians and sex workers," he said.Nunez said that during the meeting with the parliamentarians, they exchanged experiences to contribute to improve the management of this disease."We have met with parliamentarians who have voted for more budget to buy more medicines, in favor of laws for more education about this topic and participation in the exchange of information to know about the advances and backwards of the fight against Aids," he said.Some 800 parliamentarians from 125 countries attended the 124th Assembly to debate the recent events in the Arab world, the disaster in Japan and sustainable development.

MADRID, Jan. 24 (Xinhua) -- The Spanish branch of Industrial and Commerce Bank of China (ICBC) was officially inaugurated in Madrid Monday.ICBC President Jiang Jianqing, Spanish Minister of Industry, Tourism and Commerce Miguel Sebastian and Chinese Ambassador to Spain Zhu Bangzao attended an inaugural gala dinner here.In a speech, Jiang thanked the Spanish government and authorities for allowing the ICBC to open in Spain and highlighted the importance of the Spanish economy and the close relations between the two countries.Sebastian said Spain welcomes the arrival of the biggest Chinese bank, which would further improve the already good relationship between the two counties.The Madrid branch is to provide a wide range of financial services to 166,000 Chinese nationals living in Spain.ICBC has a total of 386,723 employees and 162 foreign branches throughout the World.

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