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As health experts warn about rising coronavirus cases from spread at indoor gatherings, a new website backed by recent research is trying to help people understand just how many people in what size space is risky for infection. Which could come in handy as some people consider small holiday gatherings.It’s more risky to be in a small room compared to a large gym. If people are calm and quiet, it is safer than singing or exercising no matter how distant they are.Given these types of scenarios, and the “rapidly advancing science” of how COVID-19 droplets behave, scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology created the COVID-19 Indoor Safety Guideline application.Here’s an example:An average suburban house that is 2,000 square feet, with 25 people inside wearing cotton masks and talking in a whisper, can reduce their risk of transmission by only staying inside for 4 hours.If those same 25 people, in the same house, are not wearing a mask and are talking normally, the length of time to reduce transmission drops to just 50 minutes.And if those 25 people, in the same house, are singing along to Christmas music, without masks on, that time to safely reduce COVID-19 transmission indoors drops even further to just 8 minutes.If the size of the gathering is only 5 people, and there is still singing, no mask wearing, and it’s still a 2,000 square foot house, it becomes unsafe after just 27 minutes.The MIT website offers users the ability to select room size, number of people and length of time, then using previous research and scientific knowledge of airborne viruses, it predicts the risk of the indoor event. Users can change elements of the situation, like room size, mask wearing, ventilation, etc.Click here to visit the Indoor Safety Guideline website.In a restaurant, to reduce transmission, 50 people without masks and talking normally should stay for only two hours. If the restaurant has 100 people, to reduce transmission risk, they should only remain inside for 64 minutes.The researchers note current general social distancing guidelines (remain 6 feet apart) suggest 138 people would reduce their risk in the same size of space for an indefinite amount of time.Another example, a Boeing 737, the researchers’ model predicts 100 people can be onboard a 737 wearing masks and still reduce their risk of transmission by staying onboard less than 6 hours.The CDC updated their guidance about COVID-19 this fall, acknowledging ongoing research that shows coronavirus droplets “can remain suspended for many minutes to hours (in the air) and travel far from the source on air currents.”The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also says coronavirus droplets can remain even when an infected person has left the room and can travel farther than six feet. 2800

As mandatory face coverings become more and more common, keep in mind, some are better at protecting from viruses than others.When issuing their face covering guidelines, San Francisco specifically called out masks with one-way valves designed for “easier breathing”, warning that they allow for droplets to get out of the mask and potentially endanger others nearby. These valves are usually about the size of a coin on the side of the mask.The CDC, and many other health departments and officials, urge wearing a mask to prevent the spread of the coronavirus because it can be spread through respiratory droplets. Those droplets are produced into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, sings, chants, shouts, etc. They can then land on other people nearby or be inhaled by others.The CDC recommends people wear a cloth face covering in public settings, to reduce the transmission of droplets into the air.“There are no high quality studies regarding the use of masks with additional types of various filters placed in them or with ‘breathing valves.’ While widely marketed with various claims, these have not been studied at all and it is unclear if they help or hurt the overall filtration efficacy against microorganisms,” read a statement from Marc Sala, M.D., Assistant Professor of medicine in the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine.People are being asked to leave N95 masks (without a valve) and surgical masks available for medical staff and essential personnel who are coming into daily contact with many infected patients.An N95 mask with an exhalation valve is not recommended because unfiltered air is sent through the valve and into the air, potentially carrying coronavirus droplets. “The presence of an exhalation valve reduces exhalation resistance, which makes it easier to breathe (exhale). Some users feel that a respirator with an exhalation valve keeps the face cooler and reduces moisture build up inside the facepiece. However, respirators with exhalation valves should not be used in situations where a sterile field must be maintained…” according to the CDC’s website.Dr. Sala said testing has shown things like multiple layers of cotton fabric is better than a single layer, material of a higher thread count is more effective, and overall, “these studies emphasized the notion that if a mask doesn’t have a good fit (has gaps) its effectiveness is dramatically reduced.” Dr. Sala said even if the cloth mask is not ideal, it can still play a major role in preventing illness as more masks are worn by the population as a whole.Bottom line, choose a fabric face covering that fits and is comfortable around your ears or head, and keep it on while in public, especially when social distancing is not possible, to protect you and the people around you. 2864

Another federal judge has overruled the Trump administration's efforts to end a popular immigration program -- this time saying the government has to accept new applications.The ruling on the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, however, won't take immediate effect, with the judge delaying the ruling for 90 days to allow the administration to make its case.Similar to the other rulings, Judge John Bates concluded that the wind-down of DACA was "arbitrary and capricious" because the Department of Homeland Security failed to "adequately explain its conclusion that the program was unlawful." The judge also accused the government of providing "meager legal reasoning" to support its decision.A George W. Bush appointee to the US District Court for the District of Columbia, Bates delayed the effect of his ruling "to allow the agency an opportunity to better explain its rescission."The DACA program, which protects young undocumented immigrants who came to the US as children, has already been resumed after President Donald Trump sought to end it in September, after two federal judges issued nationwide rulings to accept renewals of the two-year permits issued by the program and after the Supreme Court declined to circumvent the appeals process to overturn those decisions.But while the Department of Homeland Security has been processing renewal applications under those rulings, as the appeals make their way through the courts, Tuesday's ruling was the first to order the program to resume accepting new applications -- potentially opening the program to tens of thousands more immigrants than the roughly 700,000 currently protected.In September, the administration defended ending the program by saying it was likely to fall in the courts anyway, arguing a six-month wind-down of the program would be more orderly than a sudden end brought by the courts. No court has found DACA to be unconstitutional. 1944

An undocumented immigrant was shot and killed Wednesday by a US Customs and Border Protection officer in Rio Bravo, Texas, according to a CBP news release.A Border Patrol agent responded to a report of illegal activity near a culvert and discovered a group of undocumented immigrants, the agency said.The agent tried to apprehend the group but he came under attack by multiple people using blunt objects. The agent fired at least one round, fatally wounding one person, CBP said.The names of the agent and the dead person have not been released, but a bystander video posted on Facebook said the latter was a woman.In the video, a woman yells at an officer: "Why are you mistreating them? Why are you mistreating them? Why did you (shoot) at the girl? You killed her. He killed the girl. She's laying there and she's dead." 831

Ann and I extend our congratulations to President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris. We know both of them as people of good will and admirable character. We pray that God may bless them in the days and years ahead.— Mitt Romney (@MittRomney) November 7, 2020 287

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