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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The CDC is making plans to distribute millions of doses of a coronavirus vaccine by late next month, but government officials have gotten these predictions wrong in the past.Doctors and scientists say there are reasons to be skeptical of the timelines laid out by Operation Warp Speed based on the lessons of 2009 and 1976.During the height of the H1N1 Pandemic in 2009, San Diegans waited in long lines to get vaccinated only to find there were not many doses to go around.The CDC initially projected there would be 120 million doses of vaccine ready by October 2009. Then federal officials scaled back the projection to 45 million.By the end of October, only 23 million doses would become available due to delays in the manufacturing process.“The lesson of H1N1 is that you may make all the plans on paper, but the actual nuts and bolts of rolling it out is really challenging and not to be underestimated,” said Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, an infectious disease specialist at UC San Francisco.Manufacturers had trouble growing the H1N1 vaccine in chicken eggs, the most common method for producing flu vaccines. There were also issues with testing the vaccine’s potency and problems switching production lines from the seasonal flu vaccine to the H1N1 strain, according to an after-action report by the Department of Health and Human Services.A lot goes into making a vaccine, said Dr. Rahul Gupta of March of Dimes.“It's not just the vaccine but also the syringes, and the needles, and the stoppers, and the alcohol pads,” he said. “There are so many other things that go along when we talk about a vaccine.”By the time the vaccine was widely available, the pandemic had petered out.Experts say there are also some parallels to what happened in 1976.During the height of an election cycle, President Gerald Ford fast-tracked a vaccine after some soldiers on a military base in New Jersey got sick with a strain of H1N1, then called Swine Flu, that was genetically similar to the strain that killed millions in 1918.“Some scientists were telling Gerald Ford that this was going to be as bad as Spanish Flu,” said Dr. Chin-Hong.The U.S. launched a huge media campaign, urging Americans to get vaccinated.President Ford rolled up his sleeve and got the vaccine, along with one-quarter with the U.S. population, beginning in October of 1976.However, the viral strain they were worried about never spread beyond the military base, and there were rare side effects linked to the vaccine. Of the 45 million people inoculated, about 450 people developed Guillain–Barré syndrome and about 30 people died.One month after the vaccinations began, Ford lost the election and the episode became known as the “Swine Flu Affair.”Experts say it’s normal to have adverse reactions and production delays on the road to a vaccine.“We have to understand that’s a process. And we learn as we go along. And people have to trust the process as well,” Dr. Gupta said.But doctors say it’s a process that takes a lot of coordination, and there are aspects you just don’t want to rush. 3081

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The back-to-back announcements of promising clinical trial results from Pfizer and Moderna may usher in a new era for vaccine technology.Both companies have candidates that rely on a new kind of vaccine strategy: RNA. Preliminary data show both candidates are more than 90 percent effective.On the surface, the vaccine candidates look like any other you’ve taken. They work by training your body to build up defensive weapons against a virus, like antibodies and T-cells.But instead of training your body by introducing a killed virus or a fragment of a virus, the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer introduce a set of instructions called messenger RNA enclosed in a little blob of fat.“The key concept of RNA is that they’re messages, and they’re meant as short-term messages,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty said there are 5,000 to 10,000 messages within a cell at any given time.Once administered, the mRNA in the vaccine instructs some of your cells to make the coronavirus’ signature spike protein. The spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus allows it to infiltrate and hijack cells.Even though the spike protein is just one of about 25 genes the virus has, preliminary results from the clinical trials suggest it is enough material to train the immune system without making the recipient sick.Crotty likened the process of training the immune system to spotting a sedan. If the coronavirus is a car, the spike protein might be the door.“There's no way that car door could turn into a whole car, but it's enough of a piece of a car for your immune system to recognize that car if it saw it again,” he said.Scientists started by sequencing the virus’ DNA from a sick patient, then encoding that genetic sequence into an mRNA instruction molecule that can be read by the manufacturing part of cells.From there, Dr. Crotty said it’s a bit like the messenger app Snapchat.The mRNA gets injected into the body, sending temporary instructions to your cells that last for a while, then disappear. mRNA does not genetically modify cells, he stressed.“They’re around as messages for some period of time and then they go away, and the cells get back to their normal job of reading their own messages instead of reading the messages you’re injecting in the vaccine,” he said.The concept has been around since the 1990s, but there are currently no RNA vaccines on the market for any pathogen, so Dr. Crotty said it’s hard to estimate how long their protective effects will last.Some vaccines offer a lifetime of protection, like the measles vaccine. Others offer decades of protection. The flu vaccine only lasts about six months.Dr. Crotty said the length of protection depends on how fast the virus mutates and how long the immune cells survive in the body.But even if the COVID-19 vaccine turns out to need an annual update, he’s optimistic. The best feature of RNA vaccines is that they can be quickly reprogrammed.Both Moderna and Pfizer are still in their Phase 3 trials, but they expect to finish them by December. Together, they estimate they’ll have enough doses for about 35 million people by the end of this year, primarily for healthcare workers and high-risk individuals. 3250

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Students in the San Diego Continuing Education welding class have found their own unique way to honor the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.They're building a scale replica of the Liberty Bell to enter as a float in this year's MLK Day Parade."The parade theme, every year, is Let Freedom Ring," says instructor Mike Bradbury. "So you have to come up with something that revolves around Let Freedom Ring."Recreating the Liberty Bell seemed like a natural fit, as it echos Dr. King's call for liberty and freedom."We talked about what that means to all Americans, not just a certain race," says Bradbury. "So they get to learn a lot of different aspects of what the man, Martin Luther King, stood for."They also learn about project management from a welding perspective. Students say it was a good way to break up the tedium of every day classes."This is a real world project," says second semester student Josh Zazueta. "We have a deadline. We have a budget.""With regular welding, there is problem solving," says student Donasia Brown. "But with this, it's about encountering issues and all of us saying how we're going to solve this together."The bell itself is quite an undertaking. It required more than 10,000 welding notches and about a mile of wiring to build. Students say they can't wait to see it roll down the road during Sunday's parade."It's definitely an honor to work on a project like this," says Brown.The Parade is from 2 p.m.-5 p.m. on Sunday, and it begins in front of the County Administration Building downtown.For more information about the parade, or to find out how to watch it live, click here. 1649

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The Camp Pendleton Marine accused of trying to smuggle migrants through the San Ysidro Port of Entry this month has been identified.Bryan Oneal Newell Jr. was arrested Dec. 2 by U.S. Customs and Border Protection personnel at the San Ysidro Port of Entry, according to Camp Pendleton. Newell is accused of trying to bring undocumented immigrants into the U.S.Newell, a junior-enlisted Marine, was being held in civilian custody while CBP and the Naval Criminal Investigative Service investigated.RELATED: Marine accused of trying to smuggle immigrants through San Ysidro Port of EntryCamp Pendleton said Newell was not part of military personnel sent to the border to assist personnel with border operations.Newell is the most recent Marine from Camp Pendleton to be charged in an immigration scandal. In July, 23 Marines were detained over human trafficking, drug distribution, and weapons charges, according to the base.Of those 1st Marine Division Marines, six have pleaded guilty at court martial appearances while 13 have approved agreements to leave the Marines rather than go through court martials or waiving separation board processes. Four remaining Marines are currently in the adjudication process. 1237

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The magic of the holiday classic "The Nutcracker" couldn't be stopped, even by a pandemic, as the San Diego Civic Youth Ballet has figured out a way for the show to go on.We're used to seeing this ballet with its lavish sets on an indoor stage with dancers close together, but this season things will look different because the virtual show will be outside with dancers wearing masks and distancing.Lucia del Rio stars as Clara and says, "I'm just really excited to be doing it at all. It's like in the beginning it was kind of hard to see how it was going to work especially since we were on Zoom. The most exciting part for me is being around everyone even if we have our masks on."The 9th grader from Academy of Our Lady of Peace says while they have had two in-person rehearsals following safety precautions, most rehearsals have been from home alone via Zoom."It's just very tough.. My floor is not good, my floor is very slippery." San Diego Civic Youth Ballet Artistic Director Danika Pramik-Holdaway has been on the other end of those Zoom rehearsals and says they've all had to overcome a few obstacles."Knowing who they stand next to, who they go behind, how they go in their direct order, when you're on Zoom at home by yourself that's very very challenging," says Pramik-Holdaway.But the students were up to the task and with hard work, Lucia and the other dancers have been able to turn lonely Zoom rehearsals into something special. The small group performance outside the Casa del Prado Theater will be recorded so people can watch online. It will be a simplified, shorter version of The Nutcracker, but the beloved scenes will still be there. Lucia says, "It's really really special. It's kind of a gift to be able to dance with people in the holiday season, so I'm really excited about that."Not to mention a virtual trip to see the Sugar Plum Fairy could yield a sweet reward --- more viewers than usual. Pramik-Holdaway says, "I'm sure we'll have definitely a lot of grandparents, who don't live here in San Diego, get to see their grandkids dance."They both agree that holding onto cherished traditions like this one, even if they have to be adapted, is something we need right now."Since we're in Balboa Park we have people walking through the park and everyone stops by and says, 'Oh, the Nutcracker!' They hear the music and I think it makes everyone feel like things are going to be okay again," says Pramik-Holdaway.SDCYB is celebrating its 75th anniversary this year and ticket sales help keep this nonprofit going. Access to this performance is only and tickets are on sale now. "The Nutcracker" debuts online on December 19 and goes through January 1. You can get tickets here at https://www.sdcyb.org/. 2762