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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The topic of voter fraud has been in the spotlight more than usual this election cycle, with President Donald Trump encouraging supporters to volunteer as poll watchers and tweeting about election-related fraud at least eight times in the last week.There are several categories of voter fraud, including ineligible voting by non-citizens or felons; or double voting, when someone illegally casts more than one ballot.Voter fraud is cheating by voters themselves, which is distinct from other forms of election malfeasance, and there have been dozens of studies aimed at measuring it over the last few years.There are essentially two types of academic research on voter fraud: studies that examine documented cases of voter fraud, such as ones mentioned in news articles or criminal prosecutions; and studies that try to predict how much fraud might be going undetected, using advanced statistics and artificial intelligence techniques.Pam Smith, the former president of the non-partisan Verified Voting Foundation, summarizes the research on documented voter fraud this way: “There's an infinitesimal amount of voter fraud where a voter is intentionally doing something fraudulent.”A 2007 study by the Brennan Center at New York University calculated the rate of voter fraud in three elections in the early 2000s at between 0.0003% to 0.0025%.The odds of being struck by lightning in a given year is 0.0002%.The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, keeps a database of known cases of voter fraud. It now has 1,298 examples.The examples date back to 1982 and cover both presidential and off-year contests. There were more than 1 billion votes cast in presidential contests alone during that span.But those are the known cases. What about undetected cases of voter fraud?This is an area of study called election forensics, where researchers use advanced statistics and machine learning to estimate irregularities.One study by researchers at Harvard and Stanford universities looked at voter registration data in the 2012 election and used algorithms to estimate that the maximum amount of double voting was .02%, or 1 out of every 4,000 ballots.But the researchers also showed that most, if not all, of these possible double votes, could have actually been innocent clerical errors. The researchers audited poll books in Philadelphia and found a 1% error rate; an error rate of 1.3% would be enough to explain all of the irregularities.There are other kinds of fraud, called election fraud, like the illegal ballot harvesting in North Carolina’s 9th District in 2018. But Smith, of Verified Voting, said those cases are actually easier to catch because they typically involve multiple people.In the very rare cases when they do happen, judges can order an election re-do.“Fraud on any kind of massive scale, as we've heard talked about, that doesn't happen,” Smith said. “And there are safeguards and guardrails in place to prevent it.”Smith said California’s guardrails include pre-election testing of voting machines and other equipment and audits after the election.California voters can also sign up for a free tool called “Where’s My Ballot?” The service will send automated alerts the moment your ballot is received and counted. 3270

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The San Diego family of a Los Angeles firefighter who may have been kidnapped in Rosarito, Mexico, is speaking out.It’s been more than two weeks since 20-year veteran LA City firefighter Frank Aguilar was last seen after heading to his second home in Baja, California.“We’re hopeful. We haven't lost hope,” his local cousin Nancy told ABC10 News. She’s only providing a first name, due to safety concerns. “Nobody seems to know anything and it's very frustrating for the family to not know anything."On Wednesday, LA Mayor Eric Garcetti announced that his office learned from Mexican authorities that the 48-year-old firefighter may have been violently kidnapped from his Baja condo. “We will work tirelessly to make sure that Frank is returned safely,” he said in a news conference."[The mayor] did mention that he is going to provide all resources from Los Angeles to help get my dad back,” said daughter Amaris Aguilar.“I had just spoken to my dad the morning that we discovered he was missing. When he left for Rosarito, he was describing how safe or how good he felt in that community. He wanted to retire there,” added daughter Bella Aguilar.The daughters say that his condo was in a guard-gated community.His family has told reporters that his phone is off and they've heard that his condo may have been ransacked, his vehicles are missing and Ring video shows a troubling scene.“We're going to get you back. I love you so, so much,” added Amaris.Late Thursday, the San Diego FBI spokesperson sent ABC10 News the following statement:"The FBI is in contact with its Legal Attache located at the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City regarding the Los Angeles fireman reported missing. The FBI routinely offers assistance to our Mexican counterparts who have jurisdiction over this situation as it occurred in Mexico. The FBI is providing assistance and resources as requested by our Mexican law enforcement partners. I will refer you to the Mexican authorities for any status on the investigation as they are the lead." 2042

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The world-famous San Diego Zoo has a new Balboa Park rival for the best view of pandas.An IMAX original film, Pandas, is now showing at the Heikoff Giant Dome Theater at the Fleet Science Center.The movie follows a cross-culture collaboration between an American biologist, a scientist from Inner Mongolia and a very curious female panda cub named Qian Qian.Museum visitors can join Qian Qian as she takes her first steps outside her protected habitat.Pandas is narrated by Kristen Bell and rated G.Get information about tickets and showtimes HERE. 580

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The Washington Nationals will look to a former San Diego State Aztec to lead them into Game 2 of the 2019 World Series.Nationals starter Stephen Strasburg takes the mound Wednesday night against the Astros, dueling with Houston ace Justin Verlander. Washington took Game 1 Tuesday night 5-4 to open the series, the team's first World Series appearance and game won on the grandest stage in baseball.Now as Strasburg makes his World Series debut, San Diegans will be watching and rooting for the former Aztecs star.RELATED: SDSU's Jalen McDaniels starts NBA season on Hornets rosterMark Martinez, Strasburg's pitching coach during his time in San Diego, said the pitcher has been heavily involved in the university's baseball program since leaving for the big leagues. "He knows a lot of our guys. He comes and works out in the off-season. So he's connected to our program so there's a big sense of pride with our guys," Martinez, now team head coach, told reporters Tuesday. "You can hear them out there talking about Stephen. He's just done so much for our program, you know, being involved with our guys. And backing them not just on the baseball field but in life lessons as well."Strasburg was named to the SDSU Hall of Fame in 2014, boasting college records for the most strikeouts in a game (23), in a season (195), and in a college career (375). He also holds the SDSU record for lowest career ERA at 1.59. During his senior year, he marked his final collegiate home appearance by pitching a no-hitter.RELATED: Padres focus new manager hire between two candidatesLike his college career, Strasburg's MLB post season has been nothing short of impressive. He walks into Game 2 with a 3-0 record in the playoffs, pitching a 1.64 ERA. He ended the regular season with a 18-6 record, a career high.The ball is in Strasburg's court — well, glove — now."You know it's going to be a storm out there. You're going to weather it," Strasburg told the Associated Press ahead of his start.And Strasburg now joins some recent Aztecs who have also notched MLB post season appearances.The last SDSU alumnus to appear in a World Series game was former outfielder Quintin Berry with the 2013 Boston Red Sox, according to Baseball-Reference.com. Also hailing from SDSU, Cleveland Indians outfielder Greg Allen played in the 2018 American League Division Series and former Red Sox pitcher Addison Reed took the mound during the 2017 ALDS.Martinez and players will host a watch party for Strasburg's start at the Mission Valley's Oggi's Pizza and Brewhouse at 5 p.m. Wednesday. 2590

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The San Diego Humane Society warned pet owners this week to be safe with their animals while exercising after a dog collapsed in hot weather. A dog named Joey was half a mile down the Three Sisters Falls trail in Descanso Saturday when he started panting heavily, a sign of heatstroke. “Dogs are lower to the ground, absorbing heat from above and below,” according to the SDHS. Their paws are also sensitive to hot dirt or pavement, experts say. RELATED: Check 10News Pinpoint WeatherPets should not be exercised heavily in temperatures above 70 degrees, according to the SDHS. Temperatures in Descanso reached a high of 86 Saturday, according to 10News meteorologist Megan Parry.The SDHS Emergency Response Team took Joey to Animal Urgent Care in Escondido, where he was treated for heat exhaustion and separating pads. Joey recovered and returned home with his owner. Three Sisters Falls trail in East County is an arduous hike for humans which can be dangerous during summer. In central San Diego, warning signs reminding owners not to hike with dogs in hot weather are posted at the popular Cowles Mountain trail. 1144

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