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With a coronavirus vaccine still months off, companies are rushing to test what may be the next best thing: drugs that deliver antibodies to fight the virus right away, without having to train the immune system to make them.Antibodies are proteins the body makes when an infection occurs; they attach to a virus and help it be eliminated. Vaccines work by tricking the body into thinking there’s an infection so it makes antibodies and remembers how to do that if the real bug turns up.But it can take a month or two after vaccination or infection for the most effective antibodies to form. The experimental drugs shortcut that process by giving concentrated versions of specific ones that worked best against the coronavirus in lab and animal tests.“A vaccine takes time to work, to force the development of antibodies. But when you give an antibody, you get immediate protection,” said University of North Carolina virologist Dr. Myron Cohen. “If we can generate them in large concentrations, in big vats in an antibody factory ... we can kind of bypass the immune system.”These drugs are believed to last for a month or more and could give quick, temporary immunity to people at high risk of infection, such as health workers and housemates of someone with COVID-19. If they proved effective and if a vaccine doesn’t materialize or protect as hoped, the drugs might eventually be considered for wider use, perhaps for teachers or other groups.They’re also being tested as treatments, to help the immune system and prevent severe symptoms or death.“The hope there is to target people who are in the first week of their illness and that we can treat them with the antibody and prevent them from getting sick,” said Dr. Marshall Lyon, an infectious disease specialist helping to test one such drug at Emory University in Atlanta.Having such a tool “would be a really momentous thing in our fight against COVID,” Cohen said.Vaccines are seen as a key to controlling the virus, which has been confirmed to have infected more than 20 million people worldwide and killed more than 738,000. Several companies are racing to develop vaccines, but the results of the large final tests needed to evaluate them are months away.The antibody drugs are “very promising” and, in contrast, could be available “fairly soon,” said Dr. Janet Woodcock, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration official who is leading government efforts to speed COVID-19 therapies. Key studies are underway and some answers should come by early fall.One company, Eli Lilly, has already started manufacturing its antibody drug, betting that studies now underway will give positive results.“Our goal is to get something out as soon as possible” and to have hundreds of thousands of doses ready by fall, said Lilly’s chief scientific officer, Dr. Daniel Skovronsky.Another company that developed an antibody drug cocktail against Ebola — Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. — now is testing one for coronavirus.“The success with our Ebola program gives us some confidence that we can potentially do this again,” said Christos Kyratsous, a Regeneron microbiologist who helped lead that work.Regeneron’s drug uses two antibodies to enhance chances the drug will work even if the virus evolves to evade action by one.Lilly is testing two different, single-antibody drugs — one with the Canadian company AbCellera and another with a Chinese company, Junshi Biosciences. In July, Junshi said no safety concerns emerged in 40 healthy people who tried it and that larger studies were getting underway.Others working on antibody drugs include Amgen and Adaptive Biotechnologies. The Singapore biotech company Tychan Pte Ltd. also is testing an antibody drug and has similar products in development for Zika virus and yellow fever.“I’m cautiously optimistic” about the drugs, said the nation’s top infectious diseases expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci. “I’m heartened by the experience that we had with Ebola,” where the drugs proved effective.What could go wrong?— The antibodies may not reach all of the places in the body where they need to act, such as deep in the lungs. All the antibody drugs are given through an IV and must make their way through the bloodstream to wherever they’re needed.— The virus might mutate to avoid the antibody — the reason Regeneron is testing a two-antibody combo that binds to the virus in different places to help prevent its escape.Skovronsky said Lilly stuck with one antibody because manufacturing capacity would essentially be cut in half to make two, and “you will have less doses available.” If a single antibody works, “we can treat twice as many people,” he said.— The antibodies might not last long enough. If they fade within a month, it’s still OK for treatment since COVID-19 illness usually resolves in that time. But for prevention, it may not be practical to give infusions more often than every month or two.A San Francisco company, Vir Biotechnology Inc., says it has engineered antibodies to last longer than they usually do to avoid this problem. GlaxoSmithKline has invested 0 million in Vir to test them.Giving a higher dose also may help. If half of antibodies disappear after a month, “if you give twice as much, you will have two months’ protection,” Lilly’s Skovronsky said.— The big fear: Antibodies may do the opposite of what’s hoped and actually enhance the virus’s ability to get into cells or stimulate the immune system in a way that makes people sicker. It’s a theoretical concern that hasn’t been seen in testing so far, but large, definitive experiments are needed to prove safety.“As best as we can tell, the antibodies are helpful,” Lyon said.___Marilynn Marchione can be followed on Twitter: @MMarchioneAP___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 5919

With Christmas right around the corner, many businesses around San Diego County are getting ready to open their doors to sell fresh Christmas trees. Many of the farms begin welcoming customers the day after Thanksgiving, when people typically start decorating for Christmas. Check out the list below to find out where you can grab a fresh Christmas tree:  378

WILMINGTON, Del. – Joe Biden said in a speech Wednesday that his campaign believes it’s clear that they’re on track to win enough states to reach the 270 electoral votes needed to win the presidency.“I’m not here to declare that we’ve won, but I am here to report that when the count is finished, we believe we'll be the winners,” said the former vice president from Wilmington, Delaware.Watch his speech below:Biden’s remarks came around the same time that The Associated Press projected he would win Wisconsin, bringing him to 248 electoral votes as of about 4 p.m. ET. At that same time, President Donald Trump had racked up 214.“Of all the votes counted, we have won Wisconsin by 20,000 votes, virtually the same margin as when Trump won that state four years ago,” said Biden.Biden is also leading in Michigan and Nevada, but by slim margins. If he were to claim those two states as well, he would reach the crucial 270-vote threshold.“In Michigan, we lead by over 35,000 votes and it’s growing,” said Biden. “It’s a substantially bigger margin than when President Trump won Michigan in 2016.”As for Pennsylvania, The Associated Press still had Trump leading, but Biden had made steady advances throughout Wednesday.“I feel very good about Pennsylvania. Virtually all the remaining ballots to be counted were cast by mail and we’ve been winning 78% of the votes by mail in Pennsylvania,” said Biden.The Democratic candidate said it’s been a long and difficult campaign, but admitted it’s been a more difficult time for our country. He said once the election is over, he hopes to bring Americans together, despite the partisan nature of the country.“I know this won’t be easy. I’m not na?ve, neither of us are,” said Biden referring to him and his running mate, Sen. Kamala Harris. “I know how deep and hard the opposing views are in our country on so many things, but I also know this as well. To make progress, we have to stop treating out opponents as enemies. We are not enemies.”He said what brings us together as Americans stronger than anything that can tear us apart and promised to be a president to the whole country, not just those who voted for him.“The presidency itself is not a partisan institution,” he said. “It’s the one office in this nation that represents everyone, and it demands a duty of care for all Americans and that is precisely what I will do. I will work as for those who didn’t vote for me as I will for those did vote for me.”Biden stressed that every vote must be counted to determine the winner of the election. His comments were likely in reaction to the Trump campaign's lawsuits that are asking for vote counts in Pennsylvania and Michigan to be stopped, claiming lack of “transparency.” The president's campaign is also requesting a recount in Wisconsin, where Biden was narrowly declared the winner.“No one is going to take our democracy away from us, not now, not ever,” he said. “America has come too far. America has fought too many battles. America has endured too much to ever let that happen. We the people will not be silenced. We the people will not be bullied. We the people will not surrender.”Biden ended by saying that he’s confident he will emerge victorious, but it won’t just be his win.“It will be a victory for the American people, for our democracy, for America. And there will be no blue states and red states when we win, just the United States of America.” 3429

With lawsuits, recounts and protests all looming, here is the official timeline for reporting and certification of the 2018 General Election results from the Florida Department of State:November 6 204

When Mahdi Hashemian was looking for a bicycle for his 7-year-old daughter Zeynab last week, the Cambridge, Massachusetts, resident decided to skip his local cycle shops in favor of a Black-owned one a few miles away in Boston’s Dorchester neighborhood.At Spokehouse, a bike shop with “Black Lives Matter” painted in large bold letters outside, the pair picked out a simple, white-colored model and had training wheels and a white basket for its handlebars installed.Hashemian, who is set to earn his doctorate from MIT, said he’s been reminded in recent weeks of the outpouring of support he felt from the campus community when President Donald Trump imposed a ban on travelers from Muslim majority countries in 2017, including his native Iran.“It seems small,” he said of his bike purchase, “but a little show of support can mean a lot.”As the May killing of George Floyd by a white police officer in Minneapolis has fueled a worldwide outcry against racism and police brutality, many on social media are encouraging people to spend their money at Black-owned businesses. Lists of local retailers, artisans and manufacturers have been circulating on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter, helping Black-owned businesses raise their profile at a time when the coronavirus pandemic has ravaged the economy.According to Google, searches for “Black owned businesses near me” reached an all-time high last month in the U.S. Yelp has also made it easier for customers to search for Black-owned establishments on the restaurant review site, and Uber Eats says it’ll waive delivery fees for purchases from Black-owned restaurants through the end of the year.“It’s great seeing people realize that where they shop can be another form of activism, that it’s a way to put your money where your mouth is,” said Randy Williams, founder of Talley & Twine, a Black-owned watch company in Portsmouth, Virginia. “You’re helping Black businesses become self-sustaining, and that helps the whole ecosystem.”Sales at Talley & Twine these past few months are up more than 300% from the same period last year, partly because more people are shopping online during the pandemic, he said. But the company was also recently mentioned on a number of social media lists of Black-owned businesses, and its Juneteenth-themed watch sold out before the June 19 holiday commemorating the emancipation of enslaved African Americans, Williams said.In Los Angeles, cupcake sales and shipping orders on other sweets are up at Southern Girl Desserts after it was also mentioned on social media lists, said Catarah Coleman, co-owner of the bakery in the city’s Baldwin Hills neighborhood.“It’s not nearly the level of business we had before the virus, but it’s something,” she said. “If we only depended on foot traffic and folks just stayed in their own neighborhoods, I’m not sure we’d be able to keep going.”At Slade’s Bar and Grill in Boston’s historically Black Roxbury neighborhood, online gift card purchases and take-out orders are up significantly as the long running soul food and live music venue — which boasted Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali and Martin Luther King, Jr. as patrons in its heyday — is just starting to reopen after shuttering during the pandemic, said Shawn Hunter, the managing partner.“We’re definitely seeing white customers and customers from outside the neighborhood that we would probably have never seen before,” Hunter said.In nearby Dorchester, Kerri Thibodeau said she drove about half an hour from suburban Stoughton to shop at Pure Oasis, the state’s lone Black-owned retail marijuana shop and one of the few in the nation.The 35-year-old mother of two, who is white, said there’s a marijuana shop about five minutes from her house but she decided to support Pure Oasis after hearing that more than 0,000 worth of marijuana products were stolen from the shop during a large Black Lives Matter protest through Boston last month.“We really need to come together and show that it doesn’t matter the color of our skin,” Thibodeau said after buying some marijuana flower and pre-rolled joints last week.But the business boon hasn’t been without growing pains for some companies. Black-owned bookstores have struggled to keep up with a surge in orders, many of them for a handful of sold-out titles on race relations.In Boston, the owners of Frugal Bookstore, the city’s only Black-owned bookshop, say customers are already seeking to cancel orders and complaining about delays and poor customer service. The Roxbury shop, which raised more than ,000 through an earlier social media campaign to help it weather the economic downturn, said in a note to customers that went viral last week that 75% of the more than 20,000 purchases it’s received are for the same 10 books.At Spokehouse, the Boston bike shop, owner Noah Hicks hopes the interest isn’t a passing fad and that it leads to more concrete efforts to address the challenges facing Black entrepreneurs, including access to capital.Hicks said his nearly five-year-old shop’s sales have tripled this month, compared to last June, in part because bike shops are enjoying brisk business during the pandemic .The shop also received about ,000 in donations after it was robbed during last month’s unrest, though Hicks ended up donating about half to efforts benefiting the local Black community, including covering the costs for a “Ride for Black Lives,” a cycling rally in Boston this past weekend.“People being intentional about their economic purchases is refreshing,” he said. ”But we also want them to help tear down the systems that make it hard for us, not just spend their dollars with us.” 5660

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