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At 3 p.m. ET on Monday, November 26, a group of researchers will be really sweating. The NASA InSight spacecraft will try to land on Mars.After six months of flight, the lander component of the probe will detach itself from the cruise stage and head into the atmosphere. The lander component initially looks a fair bit like the re-entry capsule used in the 1960s and 1970s for the Apollo moon missions -- sort of conical, with a smooth and flat bottom. That bottom is a crucial heat shield that is designed to protect the probe as it passes through the thin Martian atmosphere.The landing is a devilishly difficult feat. The landing capsule has to batter its way through the atmosphere. It will fly through the Martian air at an initial speed of 12,300 mph, and it must hit the atmosphere at an angle of precisely 12 degrees. Any shallower, and the probe will bounce off into deep space. Any steeper, and the probe will burn itself up in a spectacular and fiery death. The probe will first touch the atmosphere six minutes and 45 seconds before landing. During this phase, it will experience acceleration 12 times that of the Earth's gravity. Were the probe a 150-pound human, during the flaming descent, it would weigh nearly a ton.About 3? minutes after the probe hits the atmosphere, a parachute will deploy, slowing down the probe even more. Fifteen seconds later, explosives will blow the heat shield off, exposing the actual InSight probe hidden inside. Ten seconds after the heat shield falls away, the probe will extend its legs, much like an airplane extends its wheels before touching down.The probe will fall for an additional two minutes attached to the parachute and protected by its conical shell. About 45 seconds before InSight lands, it will drop out of the shell and fall toward the surface. As soon as it leaves the shell, its landing rockets will ignite.The actual InSight probe looks a little bit like the Apollo moon lander, with three legs to support it and a boxy top. The rockets will slow it further and stop any remaining horizontal motion. Then, about 15 seconds before touchdown, the InSight probe will descend at a speed of 8 feet per second, before hopefully touching down gently on the Martian surface.The entire landing sequence will take about seven minutes to occur. A radio signal from Mars to Earth currently takes about eight minutes and seven seconds to get here. So the complete landing process will take place before we find out if it was successful. It will be done automatically, entirely by the probe itself. For the scientists and engineers who designed InSight, this is called "seven minutes of terror."And they are right to be worried. Mars is a graveyard of failed probes. There have been 44 attempts by various national space agencies to land on Mars. Eighteen have been successful. Twenty-three have not. Three have achieved orbit but failed at a landing.So, what does InSight hope to achieve? Well, as it happens, a lot. But it's different than the intrepid Curiosity probe, which NASA landed in 2012. InSight will not move around. Instead, it will stay put and tell us of the interior of Mars.One thing it will do is emit radio waves that we can monitor on Earth. By making careful measurements of how the frequency of the radio waves change, we will be able to measure the degree to which Mars wobbles as it rotates. That will tell us something about the core of the planet, specifically its makeup and information on the degree to which it is molten.InSight will also deploy a seismometer to listen for marsquakes (like earthquakes, but Martian-style) and for impacts of meteors on the planet. Information gleaned from the waves the seismometer detects will tell us more about the planet's interior.The third thing InSight will do is to dig below the planet's surface. Using a jackhammer, the probe will drill down 5 meters (16 feet) into the planet and, basically, it will take the planet's temperature.There are many reasons this is interesting. Taking the temperature at that depth will allow planetary scientists to determine how much heat is escaping from Mars. More broadly, this measurement will allow a clear determination of the temperature of the planet much closer to the core.This information will tell us a lot about how Mars formed, which, in turn, will add to the information of how rocky planets, including our own Earth, typically develop.And if you're more of an explorer kind of person and not so interested in Martian geology, it will also tell us how warm the planet is at modest depths, which will tell us if there is any chance of liquid water on the planet. Perhaps obviously, if the Martian subsurface is warm enough, any buried water will be in liquid form and not ice. Finding liquid water would be the key discovery that would make Martian exploration relatively easy. A relatively recent possible discovery of a buried Martian lake was promising, but the data was not conclusive. Knowing that the ground is warm would be very comforting to possible future explorers.Exploring the solar system is the first step toward exploring the stars. The InSight probe will give us --well -- insight into whether this is something that humanity will achieve in the foreseeable future.And maybe Elon Musk's bet on him getting to Mars will become true. 5329

ATLANTA (AP) — NASA astronaut Kate Rubins told The Associated Press on Friday that she plans to cast her next vote from space – more than 200 miles above Earth. Rubins and two cosmonauts are in Star City, Russia, just outside Moscow. She's preparing for a mid-October launch and a six-month stay at the International Space Station.Texas law allows U.S. astronauts to vote from space using a secure electronic ballot. Mission Control in Houston forwards the ballot to the space station, which Rubins then emails to the county clerk. 539

As the nation continues to face a shortage of nurses, parents in Chicago say they’re feeling the effects particularly hard when it comes to their children’s public schools.Mason Rodriguez is a smart, gregarious 6-year-old boy, who enjoys going to school. When he comes home each day, his mother, Laurel Henson, asks if he had daydreams. That’s because Mason has epilepsy, and the word daydreams is used to describe his seizures.Henson says her son’s seizures are getting worse.“He has them every couple days,” Henson says.Mason’s school has no dedicated nurse, and the medication he’s been given in the event of a serious seizure is not something a teacher can administer. “The issue is they have no one on staff at the school, obviously because there’s no nurse to administer the medicine, because it has to be done rectally and they have to be certified,” Henson explains.As a result, Henson says the school told her that in an emergency, they would call 911. But she worries officials wouldn’t get there fast enough.“For the district rep to say, ‘Were not a Band Aid service,’ it’s like, this is not a Band Aid issue. This is my kid’s life, and there’s other kids, ya know?” Henson says.According to the American Nurses Association, the nationwide nursing shortage is so bad that by 2022 there will be more registered nurse jobs available than any other profession.The shortage has hit Chicago Public Schools particularly hard. A million plan--put forward and passed by the Board of Education just this week--aims to add more nurses to the district’s schools, including Mason’s. But not all parents see this as the solution, because the nurses would be temporary.“People from temp agencies have come in untrained, unreliable,” says Wendy Katten.Katten is with Raise Your Hand for Illinois Public Education, an education advocacy group made up of parents. She says there are only 100 certified nurses, and Chicago has over 500 schools. Some parents have now left jobs to be at school with special needs kids.“There are three federal laws that you know are in place to protect children, and those laws aren’t being followed,” Katten says. “The fact that parents are sitting in schools missing work, not getting a pay check because the district is violating, you know, laws, is outrageous.”Chicago Public Schools declined our requests for an interview, but sent us a statement saying, in part, they’re also hiring “20 board employed nurses…” and that they’re working to “ensure every student receives the support and services they need…”“Ensuring greater consistency in nursing services is a top priority for the district, and we are working to strengthen staffing by hiring an additional 20 board-employed nurses and expanding the pool of available vendor support. We will continue working with schools and families to gather feedback and ensure every student receives the supports and services they need to access a high quality education,” read part of the statement.Henson thinks temporary nurses could definitely help her son, but she says it isn’t a long-term fix. 3122

BALDWIN, La. — New details are emerging as law enforcement investigates the death of a 15-year-old boy who died under suspicious circumstances in Louisiana.KATC obtained police reports from Oct. 30 when the teen, Quawan “Bobby” Charles, was reported missing from his home in Baldwin and was found dead four days later near Loreauville.Records show that Charles’ mother contacted the St. Mary Parish Sheriff’s Office around 8:10 p.m. on Oct. 30 to report that her son was missing. The mother stated that her son did not come home and had on a West St. Mary High School jacket.SMPSO then dispatched an officer with the Baldwin Police Department to the 600 block of MLK Street in Baldwin.At 8:45 p.m., BPD spoke with Charles’ father and mother who said that he was last seen at around 4 p.m. Police then entered Charles’ name into the National Crime Information Center, which is a nationwide database used by law enforcement to locate missing persons, as a missing juvenile.According to a police report from BPD, Charles’ mother said that she was not present at the time that he went missing because he was staying with his father because the two did not live together. Charles had only recently been allowed to stay with his father for the two weeks prior to his disappearance.Charles’ father told police that he went to the store around 4 p.m., but after returning a few minutes later, he attempted to knock on the door to Charles’ room several times without a response.The father told police that he then used a tool to gain entry into the room and discovered the teen was missing.Both parents told police that Charles had not been a problem at home but had been placed on a curfew by the 16th Judicial District Court because of disciplinary problems at school.The parents told police that Charles did not have any friends and had never left home before without them knowing about it.The police state in the report that there was a football game taking place at West St. Mary High School in Baldwin as well as an event called Boo on the Bayou in Franklin. Charles’ father told police he would begin searching those areas. However, he later contacted SMPSO and said he was not able to locate Charles’ at either location.This is when police entered Charles’ name into the NCIC database as a missing juvenile while being on the lookout for him.Charles’ mother then told police that she would be heading back to her home in Youngsville to check and see if he had returned there.Charles was found dead four days later on Nov. 4 in a rural area off Ed Broussard Road near Loreauville. Since then, some family members are claiming Charles was murdered, and believe police ignored their initial cries for help.The family tells KATC they were told by investigators that Bobby drowned, but that they don't believe that. They cite a graphic photo of his body circulating online.Family members also say Charles left his home with a 17-year-old friend and the teen's mother without permission.Several dozen people, including Bobby's family, people from the community, and an organization called Stand Black, gathered on the courthouse steps Wednesday evening. They're demanding a thorough investigation of the case.The Iberia Parish Sheriff's Office is handling the investigation. Deputies have not said if Charles was killed. IPSO says it's being investigated under suspicious circumstances. Deputies have interviewed several people in connection with the case and collected physical evidence, but so far no arrest has been made.This story was originally published by staff at KATC. 3578

As states across the country grapple with an increase in coronavirus cases and a huge demand for tests, many businesses are looking for other ways to get more mileage out of their supply chain.Like with anything else, supply and demand is a constant struggle. In this unprecedented era, the demand for things like coronavirus tests is so large that public health departments don't have a choice but to figure out ways to make our supplies last. Several states are examining pooled testing. California's Public Health Department says it's to "better leverage testing resources."Pooling is something that blood banks have used for decades to keep their blood supply safe. Dr. Claudia Cohn is the Chief Medical Officer of the AABB, formerly known as the American Association of Blood Banks.“If you have 100 people that need to be tested and if you test each of them, you’ll do 100 tests. If you find that your test is sensitive enough that you can pool together 20 samples at the same time, instead of having 100 tests, you can have five pools of 20,” Dr. Cohn said.Now, if one of those five pools is positive, then Dr. Cohn says, "You’ll need to break it out and test each of those separately. So, let’s say you have one positive person in a pool of 100 people, you either do 100 tests and find one positive or you do five pools of 20, four of those pools will be negative, so you’ve done 4 pools and covered 80 people."The test works by taking a tiny sample from each person who was tested.“When you take a swab from everyone’s nose, you isolate the DNA from that swab,” Dr. Cohn said about the PCR test, which is generally a nose swab. “It’s not a lot, it’s a small amount but it’s enough. Because these tests are very, very sensitive.”Those tests are so sensitive, and they have to be, that pooling can really only work if the test can handle, as in detect, multiple samples at once. The FDA mandates that.“The FDA is quite demanding as they should be in terms of making sure tests work well and are safe,” Dr. Cohn said.And Dr. Cohn says, pooling wouldn't work in an area where there's a large outbreak, which means a large number of people would test positive regardless of pooling. In the blood world, this strategy has been perfected.“You are taking 100 samples and taking a drop from each sample and putting it together,” Dr. Cohn said. “You are testing every single person who comes through. In the blood world safety is before everything."Blood banks test for HIV, Hepatitis C and B and well as COVID-19 antibodies, according to the American Red Cross. And, as this pandemic moves through our communities, Dr. Cohn says our blood supply needs to remain strong.“After that initial spike, it went down again and that was okay because elective surgery had been canceled, so the demand for blood had gone down as well so for a while we were at a good balance of demand and supply. But then elective surgeries opened up and hospitals went back to full service and we’re in a shortage again,” Dr. Cohn said. 3017