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The first experimental COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S. is on track to begin a huge study next month to prove if it really can fend off the coronavirus, while hard-hit Brazil is testing a different shot from China.Where to do crucial, late-stage testing and how many volunteers are needed to roll up their sleeves are big worries for health officials as the virus spread starts tapering off in parts of the world.Moderna Inc. said Thursday the vaccine it is developing with the National Institutes of Health will be tested in 30,000 people in the U.S. Some will get the real shot and some a dummy shot, as scientists carefully compare which group winds up with the most infections.With far fewer COVID-19 cases in China, Sinovac Biotech turned to Brazil, the epicenter of Latin America’s outbreak, for at least part of its final testing. The government of S?o Paulo announced Thursday that Sinovac will ship enough of its experimental vaccine to test in 9,000 Brazilians starting next month.If it works, “with this vaccine we will be able to immunize millions of Brazilians,” said S?o Paulo′s Gov. Joao Doria.Worldwide, about a dozen COVID-19 potential vaccines are in early stages of testing. The NIH expects to help several additional shots move into those final, large-scale studies this summer, including one made by Oxford University that’s also being tested in a few thousand volunteers in Brazil.There’s no guarantee any of the experimental shots will pan out.But if all goes well, “there will be potential to get answers” on which vaccines work by the end of the year, Dr. John Mascola, who directs NIH’s vaccine research center, told a meeting of the National Academy of Medicine on Wednesday.Vaccines train the body to recognize a virus and fight back, and specialists say it’s vital to test shots made in different ways — to increase the odds that at least one kind will work.Sinovac’s vaccine is made by growing the coronavirus in a lab and then killing it. So-called “whole inactivated” vaccines are tried-and-true, used for decades to make shots against polio, flu and other diseases — giving the body a sneak peek at the germ itself — but growing the virus is difficult and requires lab precautions.The vaccine made by the NIH and Moderna contains no actual virus. Those shots contain the genetic code for the aptly named “spike” protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus. The body’s cells use that code to make some harmless spike protein that the immune system reacts to, ready if it later encounters the real thing. The so-called mRNA vaccine is easier to make, but it’s a new and unproven technology.Neither company has yet published results of how their shots fared in smaller, earlier-stage studies, designed to check for serious side effects and how well people’s immune systems respond to different doses.Even before proof that any potential vaccine will work, companies and governments are beginning to stockpile millions of doses so they can be ready to start vaccinating as soon as answers arrive.In the U.S., a program called “Operation Warp Speed” aims to have 300 million doses on hand by January. Under Brazil’s agreement with Sinovac, the Instituto Butantan will learn to produce the Chinese shot.___AP journalist Marcelo Silva de Sousa contributed to this report.___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 3499

The day after President Donald Trump signed a historic peace agreement with world leaders and attended a town hall event in Philadelphia, there are reports White House staff members may have tested positive for COVID-19.During his White House briefing on Wednesday, President Donald Trump confirmed that one person, who is part of the WH staff, tested positive for the coronavirus.A reporter for Globo, a Brazillian media outlet, who is part of the White House press corps tweeted Wednesday morning that she learned of the positive cases when the corps own testing was late. 582

The contention around the 2020 presidential election is having some ripple effects, one of which is an effect on holiday shopping.Experts believe the delayed results are part of the reason there’s been a drop in holiday shopping, which retailers desperately need. So far, this year has been one of the toughest years for retail, especially brick and mortar stores.First, the pandemic forced closures and even as stores reopened, shoppers were initially hesitant to return to in-store shopping. Now, as holiday shopping starts to ramp up, the contentious presidential election has become a significant distraction for shoppers.“Consumers not knowing how to react have hit the pause button on their spending,” said Greg Portell, lead partner in the global consumer practice of Kearney.Portell believes without a clear winner in the presidential election and also acceptance of that victory, the holiday shopping season will not be what retailers needed.“The risk and uncertainty tied to civil unrest and the randomness of it at times, is really going to dampen consumers going into those locations,” said Portell. “That really takes the momentum out of what was a close recovery to what was traditional shopping patterns.”“Between the pandemic, the election,” said Mark Cohen, “it just doesn’t feel like we are going to have a jolly old Christmas.”Cohen, the Director of Retail Studies at the Columbia Business School, explained consumers need tranquility to spend and some excitement to spend the way they normally would for the holidays.“We’ve got a society of highly anxious, insecure, emotional, and battered consumers,” said Cohen, “None of that looks like it fits into any definition of tranquility.”However, some, like John Copeland with Adobe Analytics, caution against full doom and gloom around holiday shopping.“Typically, the day after an election, consumers slow their shopping a little bit,” said Copeland.Adobe Analytics data, gathered through its market-leading Adobe Analytics tool kit, shows in 2016 consumer spending dropped 14% after the election. After the 2018 midterms, it dropped 6%. So far, the day after this election, the drop was around 12%.However, those like Cohen and Portell expect, as the protests and legal battles over the election continue, even fewer people will want to spend money on shopping.If that starts to prove true, Copeland expects retailers will respond with new incentives for shoppers to start shopping at the “normal” holiday pace.“I think what we will see is retailers do more of what we already expect them to do which is pull their discounts and deals sooner into the season,” said Copeland. 2651

The concept of universal basic income is getting new attention amid the COVID-19 pandemic. It’s the idea of giving out recurring payments to everyone without any strings attached.Stockton, California, has been testing this with 125 people, giving them 0 per month. They've been getting that money for more than a year and it was supposed to stop this summer, but the mayor extended the money until January because of the pandemic.More mayors are getting on board with the idea. Fifteen joined the organization Mayors for a Guaranteed Income. They're looking into launching pilot programs in their cities.We spoke with an economics professor who says the pandemic stimulus payments can be seen as a form of universal basic income.“Seeing that I think it must make the idea more real and at the same time it's pretty clear at this very moment why you might find this idea appealing,” said Ioana Marinescu, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania. “That's because, again, a lot of people have lost income. There's a clear need for income security.”In the case of the stimulus checks, it's not people's fault they lost their income.With universal basic income, critics say people may not be deserving of the money. Marinescu believes the stimulus may be helping change the perception. She points to money people receive in Alaska from oil revenue. She says people aren't any less likely to work.In Stockton, they've found people are using the money for necessities like groceries and utility bills.How universal basic income, or UBI, gets funded is a big question.“One interesting thing that has happened with the stimulus checks is the idea that people had of saying it's going to be based right now on your past income and we'll potentially tax it away later after we're out of this hole,” said Marinescu. “So to me, that's a potentially important lesson for a potential UBI.”The president of the nonpartisan Center on Budget and Policy Priorities wrote that paying for universal basic income from new taxes isn't the way to go. He says we already need a lot of money to keep social security and Medicare going.Stockton's mayor says money from the pentagon budget or tax money from the legalization of marijuana could work. He's paying for his city's current pilot program with a grant and a private donation.Other cities looking to start pilots are considering forming public-private partnerships or working to find room in the city budget. 2467

The COVID-19 pandemic has hit people of color particularly hard, and one new study says that may be because of racial disparities in treating high blood pressure.According to the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions, one-third of disparities in treatment may be the result of racial inequalities in prescribing or increasing the dosage of new medications used in treating high blood pressure.The study found that blood pressure control rates are lower in Black patients compared to other racial groups. Black patients also had more missed opportunities for treatment and missed more clinic appointments."A doctor might think a patient is less likely less able to afford medications, and because of that, they choose to not prescribe a certain medication," said Dr. Valy Fontil, an assistant professor of medicine at UCSF and one of the researchers involved in the study. "Or, they might know this person doesn't have transportation to the clinic, and so sometimes it might even be well-intentioned."Fontil says more standardized treatment protocols would help eliminate the disparities and prevent missed opportunities to get someone the medication they need."Sometimes people present, and the main thing that they're there for is not for the blood pressure," he said. "So, the clinician just sort of kind of might ignore the blood pressure. So automating these sort of standardized treatments would tell the clinician that they — even if the patient's not here for blood pressure — you have to address it in some way."Previous studies have also shown Black patients have more apprehension about why someone is giving them more medication. Fontil says one solution is having the patient be part of the treatment decision making.Fontil adds that the increasing number of virtual visits for blood pressure issues could make the racial disparities even worse. 1876