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WASHINGTON, June 2 (Xinhua) -- When humans see red, their reactions become both faster and more forceful, according to a new study published this week in the U.S. bimonthly journal Emotion.The findings may have applications for sporting and other activities in which a brief burst of strength and speed is needed, such as weightlifting. But the authors caution that the color energy boost is likely short-lived.The study measured the reactions of students in two experiments. In the first, 30 fourth-through-10th graders pinched and held open a metal clasp. Right before doing so, they read aloud their participant number written in either red or gray crayon. In the second experiment, 46 undergraduates squeezed a handgrip with their dominant hand as hard as possible when they read the word "squeeze" on a computer monitor. The word appeared on a red, blue, or gray background.In both scenarios, red significantly increased the force exerted, with participants in the red condition squeezing with greater maximum force than those in the gray or blue conditions. In the handgrip experiment, not only the amount of force, but also the immediacy of the reaction increased when red was present.The colors in the study were precisely equated in hue, brightness, and chroma (intensity) to insure that reactions were not attributable to these other qualities of color."Red enhances our physical reactions because it is seen as a danger cue," explains coauthor Andrew Elliot, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester and a lead researcher in the field of color psychology. "Humans flush when they are angry or preparing for attack," he explains. "People are acutely aware of such reddening in others and it's implications."But threat is a double-edged sword, argue Elliot and coauthor Henk Aarts, professor of psychology at Utrecht University, in the Netherlands. Along with mobilizing extra energy, "threat also evokes worry, task distraction, and self-preoccupation, all of which have been shown to tax mental resources," they write in the paper.In earlier color research, exposure to red has proven counterproductive for skilled motor and mental tasks: athletes competing against an opponent wearing red are more likely to lose and students exposed to red before a test perform worse.

UNITED NATIONS, June 9 (Xinhua) -- The message delivered by scores of speakers on the second day of the three-day UN High Level Meeting on AIDS on Thursday, marking 30 years of the pandemic, was that most of their countries were making progress but increased efforts had to be made with greater cooperation needed among nations.In the case of developing states, gratitude was expressed for past help but more aid was needed to continue the battle.Despite the similarities in content, the chair, UN General Assembly President Joseph Deiss, repeatedly appealed to speakers to limit their speeches to their allotted five minutes, warning at the halfway point that if everyone was taking an extra few minutes, a fourth day would have to be added to the agenda.One of the briefest addresses, well under time, was delivered by Yin Li, China's vice health minister, which he referred to as " a responsible developing country."Briefly listing some of the steps taken, the Chinese vice minister focused on achieving the UNAIDS goal of the three Zs -- " Zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths.""We should unite to generate a joint force, irrespective of gender, skin color, nationality, beliefs, values and ideology. Developed countries should further provide developing countries with unselfish, unconditional financial and technical support," he said. "Developing countries should place AIDS control in a position as important as economic development and actively explore prevention and treatment mode consistent with national conditions. ""Second, given the increasing disease burden of AIDS," he said, "the private sector and relevant organizations should shoulder more social responsibility."On the one hand efforts should be made to mobilize more resources in AIDS to better implement prevention, treatment and care measures; on the other hand, multinational drug manufacturers should reduce by a large margin the price of drugs, testing equipment and reagents through technology transfer, contract manufacturing and reduction of monopoly profits in order to promote universal access to treatment services," Yin added.Since AIDS prevention and treatment in China is an important component in the global fight against AIDS, he said, "Progress made in China is a positive contribution globally."The High Level Meeting on AIDS is taking place 10 years after the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS and five years since signing of the Political Declaration in which UN Member States committed to universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.Norway's minister of the environment and international development, Erik Solheim, said, "Prevention and treatment must be mutually reinforcing and better treatment regiments need to be made available."He called for development of innovative methods for prevention.While Solheim said "remarkable" results had been achieved in the last three decades, there still was a need for a " transformation of current working methods."AIDS must be taken out of isolation into an "integrated approach," noting that HIV response has to be connected with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health and "HIV and AIDS programs should be mainstreamed into national health systems, he said.Solheim said that the social, political and economic empowerment of women is crucial and he welcomed the establishment of the new UN agency UN Women."The burden of HIV in the world is reduced but major challenges remain," the minister said. "Our experience is that the approaches that work well on HIV, are those based on rights and on promoting the dignity of people."Celsius Waterberg, the health minister of Suriname, said the nation "is among the few countries in the Caribbean where the incidence of HIV infection has decreased by more than 25 percent."The strides forward are due to a national multi-sectoral HIV Council, setting up structures to provide leadership in quality of services and training in revised treatment protocols, he said.Suriname, the smallest sovereign state in South America, on the northeast coast of the continent, also introduced combined prevention tools and implemented pilot projects successful in mobilizing men for circumcision as an additional preventive measure, Waterberg said.Challenges that need to be overcome include harmful traditions and customs, misconceptions and adverse beliefs, language barriers in a multilingual society and vulnerability of small communities and individuals due to HIV-related stigma, gender inequalities and poverty, he said.Victor Makwenge Kaput, health minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo, said that although the government had made progress in supporting individuals living with HIV and protecting the uninfected, it continues to face many challenges. Indeed, HIV prevalence stood at 3.7 percent for pregnant women and 3 percent for the general population, he said.AIDS' victims increasingly are women and youth with infections particularly concentrated along the Congo River, the minister said. Today, 1.2 million citizens are infected. Total population in the third largest country in Africa, about the size of Western Europe, is 71 million.He said women account for roughly 71,000 new infections each year and the government is now paying particular attention to mother-to-child transmission.Kaput said his long war-torn nation is committed to the global vision of zero infections and appealed for support to curb the spread of HIV.

BEIJING, Sep. 16 (Xinhuanet) -- Government incentives are important to pave a low-carbon road to economic growth, but companies that improve their industry models and technologies are the main players and also benefit receivers, noted officials and industry insiders at the Summer Davos forum held in Dalian on Sep 14."The most important thing is to have the right direction," said Gao Jifan, chairman and CEO of Trina Solar, a national leading solar panel manufacturer in China.According to Gao, new energy solutions such as solar power, is the "right direction" of future growth, although many deficiencies still exist today. "As long as we have the direction correct, we can succeed as last. But this also requires policies, technologies and investment," he said.Malini Mehra, founder and CEO of the Centre for Social Markets, a non-profit organization that promotes sustainability, said there are two ways in which the governments can support low-carbon businesses to continue along a "green" path."The first is to provide some means of recognizing their good work," she said. And the second is building a measuring system to "verify which company is actually doing well, not just talking about doing well".Preferential policies are only the foundation, said Gao. "We must have a good overall plan along with advanced technologies to bring value back to the investors."Gao envisions that most of the world’s families will have "zero-consumption" houses with energy supply and storage systems relying purely on solar power by 2020.Without grid limitations, the technology can be used everywhere in the world, especially in the less developed areas."The cost of solar technologies has been on the decline over the past few years because of policy incentives and innovations of companies around the world," said Gao.A solar panel producing one watt’s electricity cost in 2005, but now it is reduced to only .2 to .3, he explained."This is the result of technological innovations and large-scale manufacturing. And it makes us more confident to see the solar energy to become a major part of the energy system in the future."Being low-carbon also helps a company attract clients because it is the current fashion and customers are more likely to choose low-carbon products, noted Klaus Kleifeld, CEO of the US aluminum products maker Alcoa Inc."The generation that we recruit today has a very different social consciousness and standards," he said. "They want to see and only want to work for companies that are sustainable."

SYDNEY, July 1 (Xinhua) -- Breastfeeding mothers should limit their use of codeine-containing painkillers to four days as they can cause harm, an Australian doctor warned on Friday.The warning is being discussed at a meeting of anesthetists in Sydney."New mothers should limit their use of codeine-containing painkillers to no more than four days and, if they feel drowsy while taking this medication, cease its use and have their baby examined by a doctor for signs of drowsiness," Sydney's Royal North Shore Hospital anesthetist Dr. Gavin Pattullo said."This is because codeine needs to be metabolized by the liver into morphine to offer pain relief and this liver conversion process is very unpredictable," Pattullo said."Some patients' livers produce large amounts of morphine after taking codeine, causing drowsiness, while others fail to produce any morphine at all."Pattullo said for breastfeeding mothers, a large dose of morphine could make its way into the baby and result in the baby's death by overdose."While new mums shouldn't be unnecessarily alarmed, they need to be aware that codeine-containing painkillers in certain circumstances can cause harm," he said.Breastfeeding mothers are being advised to see a doctor if their baby gets sleepy while taking the painkillers.

LOS ANGELES, Sept. 1 (Xinhua) -- Fisker Automotive, a Southern California electric car maker, announced on Thursday that it has signed a pact with BMW regarding the supply of engines and other related components for future models in a major tieup.The Anaheim, Orange County-based U.S. car maker will get a four-cylinder turbocharged engine, totalling 100,000 units every year, for its next generation of cars under a project code-named "Project Nina," the company said.The production of the model, a mass-market plug-in hybrid sedan, will begin at the end of 2012 and the sale is slated for 2013."The BMW engine was an obvious choice for us, as BMW is known for producing the best and most fuel efficient gasoline engines in the world," Fisker's CEO and Executive Design Director Henrik Fisker said. "We are very pleased to have signed this agreement with BMW."The firm did not disclose the terms.The U.S. automaker, founded in 2007, has produced electric vehicles with extended range (EVer). The first derivative of "Project Nina" will be a mid-sized premium sedan which utilizes the technology.The company's other products include Fisker Karma Sedan, a luxury sports car and the world's first premium electric plug-in hybrid.