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Neanderthals may not have been that different from us, after all.New evidence reveals that they created the world's oldest known cave paintings and even wore seashells as body ornaments. Both behaviors suggest that they thought symbolically and had an artistic sensibility like modern humans. Two studies published Thursday in the journal Science detail the latest findings."Undoubtedly it is showing that Neanderthals were thinking and behaving just like modern humans," Alistair Pike, co-author of the studies and professor of archaeological sciences at the University of Southampton, wrote in an email."We should no longer think of them as a different species, just humans in different places," he said.The new findings of symbolic thinking show that Neanderthals and modern humans were cognitively indistinguishable, the researchers said.Cave paintings and artifacts like painted seashells have long been regarded as the work of early modern humans, who were thought to have more advanced cognitive abilities than Neanderthals. Dating cave paintings can be a difficult process, and unreliable techniques never allowed for the possibility that these could be the work of Neanderthals.Until now, that is. A new technique called Uranium-Thorium dating is less destructive, is more accurate and can go back further in time than other methods. U-Th dating looks at the deposits of carbonate on top of the paint, which contain traces of uranium and thorium that indicate when those deposits formed. That allows the researchers to determine an age for what's under the deposits.The researchers applied this technique to paintings in the La Pasiega, Maltravieso and Ardales caves in Spain, which had never received "robust" dating. The paintings include red and black images of animals, dots, lines, disks and other geometric signs. There also are engravings, hand prints and hand stencils.Those hand stencils are particularly significant, and not just because they represent the hand size of a Neanderthal."A red line, a red dot or even a positive hand print could potentially be made 'accidentally,' " wrote Dirk Hoffmann, lead author of the studies and archaeologist with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, in an email."Of course, I am sure that this is not the case, since you would still need to bring [in] light and pigment, but one could argue that all you need is some pigment on your hand when you lean against a wall. A hand stencil cannot be explained like that. You have to hold your hand against the wall and the deliberately spray pigment over this. This is why we emphasize the hand stencil."The dating revealed that the cave art was created more than 64,000 years ago -- 20,000 years before modern humans appeared in what is now considered Europe.The shells were found in the Cueva de los Aviones, a sea cave in southeastern Spain. They are unique because they are perforated with holes and colored with red and yellow pigment. Others served as containers for the mineral pigments themselves. The pigments were used on the shells but could have also been used for the cave paintings and even as body paint.The deposit layer containing the shells dated to 115,000 years ago, which is even older than other shells recovered in Africa that were dated to modern humans."The standard archaeological interpretation of such finds is that they are body ornaments," Hoffmann said. "Similar finds were made in Africa or the Levant with similar age. In Africa or the Levant, these were made by modern humans, in Spain Neanderthals made them. So in terms of symbolism, early modern humans and Neanderthals were similar."The researchers are absolutely confident in their dating technique."We have spent 10 years refining the technique and have numerous quality controls," Pike said. "The dates respect the growth axis of the deposits we are dating, the oldest closest to the painting, the youngest at the surface."Once modern humans left Africa and migrated to Europe and other areas, mixing with the Neanderthals would've been inevitable. The researchers believe that the Neanderthals created this artwork on their own, without being influenced by any other population. But it's possible that they exchanged symbolism or that Neanderthals influenced the art and symbolism of modern humans. Modern humans were capable of symbolic behavior, so it "turns the who's copying who debate on its head," Pike said."The idea that culture only evolved with modern humans no longer makes sense," Pike said. Hoffmann suggested that Neanderthals now be referred to as "very close cousins" of modern humans.Is it possible that anyone else may have created the cave paintings?Pike said it is incredibly doubtful that a population of early modern humans migrated to Europe so early without any other evidence to suggest it."We cannot of course rule out that pre-Neanderthal populations made the art," Pike said. "This sounds like a project for the future."Hoffmann, Pike and their colleagues want to use their new dating technique in more caves in Spain, as well as France and Italy -- and anywhere else Neanderthals are known to lived.The findings also raise new questions for researchers."How far back does symbolic behavior go? Can it be traced to the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals? This is perhaps where we should be looking," Pike said. 5398

MULBERRY, Fla. — Polk County Fire Rescue responded to Mulberry Middle School in Mulberry, Fla. on Thursday after several students suddenly became sick after they reportedly consumed THC laced gummy bears. Five of the ill students were taken to the hospital and one was picked up by their parents. A spokesperson with Polk County Schools tells us the students consumed gummy bears that contained THC. The Sheriff's Office said one 12-year-old supplied the gummies. That child is being charged with seven felonies and a misdemeanor charge.The Polk County Sheriff says the students had a negative reaction to the THC laced gummy bears they ingested. The Sheriff's Office is investigating how the students got the candy in the first place.  764

Models wear creations for the Louis Vuitton Spring-Summer 2021 fashion collection, Tuesday, Oct. 6, 2020, during Paris fashion week. (Photo by Vianney Le Caer/Invision/AP) 179

NASHVILLE — As a teacher working two jobs, Blake Hastings often finds herself scraping to get by and waiting for pay day to come, which is why earlier this week when she was about to run out of gas in Spring Hill, Tennessee, she knew she couldn’t afford to fill her entire tank.Hastings is a special education teacher who is passionate and still working on her master’s degree at Middle Tennessee State University. Her soft smile and long blonde hair seem to mirror her warm personality.This is perhaps what drew the attention of a stranger at the Kroger in Spring Hill on Tuesday night. Hastings had just left her second job as a nanny and was heading home when her gas light turned on — the tank was empty. So she pulled into the gas station here with only a few dollars for gas. Payday was still a few days away so this would have to do for now.But as she got out of her car, a stranger approached her. 938

More than 230,000 institutions around the world now have free access to a new tech tool that focuses on social and emotional learning during a time when people need human connection more than ever.Like most teachers around the country, Rory Yakubov did not get the type of "back to school" that she was hoping for.“You have to go with the flow, really, if you’re going to stay on top of things right now,” Yakubov said. “Having a mindset where I’m going to have everything perfect is not going to happen. I’m OK - I’m getting OK with that.”Yakubov says her New Jersey district started the school year remotely, which meant the high school math teacher had to figure out how to connect with her students virtually.“It would be so nice if I could walk around the classroom with my students, engage them, check in, have conversations about how they’re doing also have personal conversations with my students,” Yakubov said.Yakubov and her district use Microsoft Teams. She teaches algebra 1 and geometry through the platform, and says she's really looking forward to some new features within Teams. She views it as another tool in her toolbox.Microsoft's education director Mark Sparvell says the roll out includes "praise badges," which are cute, colorful and eye-catching stickers for teachers to "hand out" to their students.“What these tools do is they provide an avenue even when we’re between glass to allow young people to be seen, heard and know they matter,” says Sparvell.Things like reflections and emotional check-ins are also new, and they come at a time when students everywhere are more stressed and anxious than ever.“How is a student feeling, how is my class feeling, how is my school feeling, how is my district feeling,” Sparvell said.Years of research and development led them to this point, says Sparvell. The new tools are based off of science to help youth development. He says these sorts of social and emotional connections are critical for every student.“They’re tied directly to academic outcomes, to positive life outcomes, to mental health and physical health and they’re tied to potential to be employed and remain employed in the future,” Sparvell said.Yakubov says she hopes it'll force her high schoolers to engage, as teens often have a tendency to withdraw.“I am here for them,” Yakubov said. “I want them to succeed and it’s really tough. I would be able to go over to that student who’s super quiet and nudge them and have a quiet conversation and I can’t do that now and I don’t even know who those students are yet and I’ve been teaching five weeks.”She also says, for those teachers how are struggling to help students succeed, this is one way to help guide everyone along, in what may just be their toughest year. 2759

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