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OTTAWA, Oct. 3 (Xinhua) -- Many friends and colleagues of Canadian scientist Ralph Steinman reacted with shock when they learned on Monday that Steinman won the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology three days after he died.Since 1974, Nobel Prizes are no longer awarded posthumously, but the Nobel Prize committee said that it had made its choice before Steinman's death.Many of Steinman's friends and colleagues said that they learned of Steinman's death at the same time that they learned of his Nobel Prize, which was awarded for a discovery Steinman made in 1973.Steinman, 68, discovered dendritic cells, which help regulate adaptive immunity, which purges invading microorganisms from the body. Dendritic cells activate T cells, which "remember" the DNA sequence of invading organisms and protect the body from later infections from the same disease."Their work has opened up new avenues for the development of prevention and therapy against infections, cancer and inflammatory disease," the citation said.Monday, the Nobel Committee defended its decision to award the prize to Steinman. "The decision to award the Nobel Prize to Ralph Steinman was made in good faith, based on the assumption that the Nobel Laureate was alive," the foundation said in a statement."The Nobel Foundation thus believes that what has occurred is more reminiscent of the example in the statutes concerning a person who has been named as a Nobel Laureate and has died before the actual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony."It is still unclear who will pick up Steinman's prize at the award ceremony later this year.Steinman, a cell biologist at Rockefeller University in New York City, died of pancreatic cancer on Friday. For more than four years, he had used his own immune therapy discoveries to extend his life."The news is bittersweet, as we also learned this morning from Ralph's family that he passed a few days ago," Rockefeller University President Marc Tessier-Lavigne said in a statement."We are all so touched that our father's many years of hard work are being recognized with a Nobel Prize," Steinman's daughter, Alexis, said in the statement. "He devoted his life to his work and his family, and he would be truly honored."Steinman's heirs will share the 1.5-million U.S. dollar prize with American genetics professor Bruce Beutler and French scientist Jules Hoffmann.Dr. Beutler is professor of genetics and immunology at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. Dr. Hoffmann headed a research laboratory in Strasbourg, France, between 1974 and 2009 and served as president of the French National Academy of Sciences between 2007 and 2008."Ralph worked right up until last week," said Michel Nussenzweig, a collaborator of Steinman's at Rockefeller University. "His dream was to use his discovery to cure cancer and infectious diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. It's a dream that's pretty close."Steinman was born in 1943 in Montreal, Canada's second largest city, and studied chemistry and biology at McGill University in his hometown before receiving an MD from Harvard Medical School in Boston in 1968. He joined Rockefeller University in 1970 as a postdoctoral fellow."He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer four years ago, and his life was extended using a dendritic-cell based immunotherapy of his own design," the university said in a statement.In a statement, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper lauded the three winners of the Nobel for medicine and called the award " a fitting final tribute" to Steinman's life's work."Dr. Steinman shall be honored for all time with this achievement," Harper said. "Canadians will mourn his loss."

BEIJING, Oct. 25 (Xinhua) -- Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo said Tuesday that China will unswervingly pursue a path of peaceful development and play a constructive role in the United Nations.Dai made the remarks at a reception commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the restoration of the lawful seat of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations (UN).On Oct. 25, 1971, the 26th Session of the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758 with an overwhelming majority and decided to restore the lawful seat of the People's Republic of China in the UN."This opened a new chapter in the external relations of the People's Republic of China and promoted the friendship and cooperation between China and all countries and peoples who love world peace and justice," Dai said at the reception hosted by the Foreign Ministry in Beijing.It also enhanced the universality, representativeness and authority of the UN and strengthened the forces for world peace and human progress, he added.He said, for the past 40 years, as the largest developing country and a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China has followed the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, called on countries across the globe to practice tolerance and live together in peace as good neighbors, and made great contributions to world peace, common development and international cooperation.This year marks the beginning of the second decade of the new century, and the world has undergone great, rapid and drastic changes, Dai said."The international community is becoming a global village and countries find interests converging in a scope and depth never seen before," he said, adding that the trend of peace, development and cooperation has gained more popular support, while the international situation remains quite fluid and complex.He said the United Nations, as the most universal, representative and authoritative inter-governmental organization, should seize opportunities and meet challenges in the political, security, economic, development, social, humanitarian, cultural, arms control, and judicial fields, among others, and reinvigorate itself with fresh vigor and vitality."Under the new circumstance, the role of the UN should only be strengthened, rather than weakened, and its authority be upheld, rather than impaired," he said.China has released the White Paper on China's Peaceful Development, which solemnly declared that China will unswervingly pursue the path of peaceful development, he said.China will work actively, through peaceful, open, scientific and common development, to expand international cooperation, take part in international affairs, honor its due international responsibilities and obligations, and play a constructive role in the UN, he said.Dai pledged that China will join other countries to make even greater contributions to building a harmonious world of durable peace and common prosperity and a brighter future for mankind.China's entry to the UN 40 years ago made the international body a more representative international organization, said Kasymzhomart Tokaev, director-general of the UN Office at Geneva.He said China has played an important role in the UN.With the rise of its global status and influence, China, as a major power, will continue to shoulder its responsibility and play a more positive role in creating a more secure, just and peaceful world for future generations, he said.Before the reception, Dai had a brief meeting with Tokaev, exchanging views on the UN's role as well as China's cooperation within the UN.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The journal Science on Thursday chose the HPTN 052 clinical trial, an international HIV prevention trial as the 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.The study found that if HIV-infected heterosexual individuals begin taking anti-retroviral medicines when their immune systems are relatively healthy as opposed to delaying therapy until the disease has advanced, they are 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Findings from the trial, first announced in May, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August.The study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health."The HPTN 052 study convincingly demonstrated that anti- retroviral medications can not only treat but also prevent the transmission of HIV infection among heterosexual individuals," said NIAID Director Anthony Fauci in a statement. "We are pleased that Science recognized the extraordinary public health significance of these study results."Science's list of nine other ground-breaking scientific achievements from 2011 include:The Hayabusa Mission: After some near-disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery, Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large, S-type asteroid. This asteroid dust represented the first direct sampling of a planetary body in 35 years, and analysis of the grains confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids.Unraveling Human Origins: Studying the genetic code of both ancient and modern human beings, researchers discovered that many humans still carry DNA variants inherited from archaic humans, such as the mysterious Denisovans in Asia and still-unidentified ancestors in Africa. One study this year revealed how archaic humans likely shaped our modern immune systems, and an analysis of Australopithecus sediba fossils in South Africa showed that the ancient hominin possessed both primitive and Homo-like traits.Capturing a Photosynthetic Protein: In vivid detail, researchers in Japan have mapped the structure of the Photosystem II, or PSII, protein that plants use to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The crystal-clear image shows off the protein's catalytic core and reveals the specific orientation of atoms within. Now, scientists have access to this catalytic structure that is essential for life on Earth -- one that may also hold the key to a powerful source of clean energy.Pristine Gas in Space: Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence.

BEIJING, Jan. 24 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao on Tuesday exchanged congratulatory messages with their Israeli counterparts Shimon Peres and Benjamin Netanyahu on the 20th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries.Hu said the friendly exchanges between the Chinese and the Jewish people go back to ancient times.Since the forging of official ties 20 years ago, friendly cooperative ties between China and Israel have been developing continuously, and the exchanges and cooperation between the two sides in politics, economy and trade, culture, science and technology, agriculture and education have yielded fruitful results and brought tangible benefits to the two countries and the two peoples, Hu said.China attaches great importance to advancing Sino-Israeli ties and is ready to make joint efforts with Israel to take the celebration of the 20th anniversary as an opportunity to further consolidate the traditional Sino-Israeli friendship, deepen mutual cooperation in various fields, increase personnel exchanges on multiple levels, and promote a continuous development of friendly Sino-Israeli cooperative relations, he said.For his part, Peres said Israel and China established official diplomatic ties 20 years ago, which brought the friendship between the two countries to a historic high.He believed that the Israeli-Chinese friendship, which is based on a shared history, common values and ancient culture and tradition, will prevail.Peres said his country pays great attention to its ties with China in all areas, and is willing to conduct mutually beneficial cooperation with China in science and technology and other fields.In his message, Peres wished the Chinese people a "Happy New Year" in the Year of the Dragon.On the same day, Chinese Premier Wen also exchanged congratulatory messages with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu.Wen said their bilateral friendly cooperative relations have continued to grow over the last 20 years.Political exchanges between the two countries have been increasingly close, economic and trade cooperation have continued to flourish, and pragmatic cooperation in culture, science and technology, and agriculture has been fruitful, Wen said.China and Israel have their own advantages, as well as huge potential and broad prospects for cooperation, the Chinese premier said.China is ready to continue to expand and deepen its friendly bilateral cooperation with Israel and raise Sino-Israeli ties to a new high, Wen said.For his part, Netanyahu said the Chinese and the Jewish people have always been friends.During the past 20 years, China and Israel succeeded in forging a stable and diversified partnership, he said.The Israeli side is ready to fully explore the potential of bilateral ties and continue to expand cooperation in science and technology, sanitation, agriculture and environmental protection technologies and other fields with China, Netanyahu said.He believed that there will be more opportunities to further consolidate the friendship between the two peoples and deepen bilateral cooperation in the future.Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi and Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman also exchanged congratulatory messages.

UNITED NATIONS, Nov. 21 (Xinhua) -- Dramatic progress in science, political leadership, and results indicate that 2011 was a "game changing" year for the international AIDS response, and much progress has been made in 2011 to check AIDS-related deaths since 1997, the peak of the epidemic, a new report released by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) said on Monday."The Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2011" found that new infections were reduced by 21 percent since 1997, and deaths from AIDS-related illnesses decreased by 21 percent since 2005, according to the report.Furthermore, 47 percent (6.6 million) of the estimated 14.2 million people eligible for antiretroviral therapy treatment in low- and middle-income countries were accessing treatment, in increase of 1.35 million people since 2009.The report also found early signs that HIV treatment is having an impact on reducing the number of new HIV infections. As treatment reduces the viral load of a person living HIV to almost undetectable levels, it also reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to an uninfected partner, according to the report. Studies also show that treatment can be up to 96 percent effective in preventing HIV transmission among couples.Eleven countries, including many Sub-Saharan African countries, reached "close to universal access" for AIDS treatment, which is determined to be 80 percent access, in 2011.Botswana made the most dramatic progress in scaling up access to treatment, the report said. While sexual patterns remained relatively stable in the country since 2000, access to treatment increased from less than 5 percent in 2000 to more than 80 percent in 2011.Despite progress, however, the report does note that 2011 marks an unprecedented high the number of people infected with HIV worldwide.Globally, an estimated 34 million people are currently living with the infection. Approximately 2.7 million got infected with the virus in 2010, and as many as 1.8 million people died of AIDS- related illnesses in 2010.Yet the report also notes estimates that as many as 2.5 million deaths are estimated to have been averted in low- and middle- income countries due to increased access to HIV treatment since 1995."Now is not the time to reduce our efforts despite some good news on reducing new infections. Infections are decreasing, but not rapidly enough," said Kim Nichols, executive director of African Services Committee, on Monday at a press conference."There are fewer AIDS deaths, but with the number of infections increasing, prevention has to be the mainstay of our response," Nichols said.Indeed, the UNAIDS report calls for a new framework for investments which are focused on "high-impact, evidence-based, high-value strategies," according to a press release from the UNAIDS website.The framework, which aims to achieve universal access to treatment and prevention centers by 2015, requires a 22-24 billion US dollar funding increase by 2015.Given the withering state of the global economy -- donor funding for the AIDS response has dropped from 7.6 billion in 2009 to 6.9 billion in 2010 -- raising that kind of money may be a long shot. Regardless, UNAIDS'new investment plan calls for smarter uses of less money.According to the report, the framework will focus on high-risk populations like sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs and prevent infections among children, as well as invest in behavior change programs, condom promotion, and treatment, care and support for people living with HIV."The world faces a clear choice: maintain current efforts and make incremental progress, or invest smartly and achieve rapid success in the AIDS response," says the UNAIDS report.