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WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- U.S. scientists have found two gene mutations occurring in oligodendrogliomas, the second-most common form of brain cancer, according to a study to be published Friday in journal Science.For years scientists have been looking for the primary cancer genes involved in oligodendrogliomas evolvement. Scientists know the two chromosomes held the probable mutations, but the particular gene information remains unclear.Now scientists at Duke University Medical Center and Johns Hopkins University have discovered the most likely genetic mutations that researchers have been hunting for on chromosomes 1 and 19.The genes they identified, CIC or FUBP1, are tumor suppressor genes. The cancer-related pathways that involve these genes could become targets for future treatments, said Hai Yan, a Duke associate professor of pathology and co-corresponding author of the study.The researchers found CIC on chromosome 19 and FUBP1 on chromosome 1 based on an initial study of seven oligodendrogliomas. They found six mutations and two mutations, respectively, in the seven tumors. Further study of 27 more of these tumors showed that there were 12 and three mutations of CIC and FUBP1, respectively. The two genes were rarely mutated in other types of cancers, indicating that they are oligodendroglioma-specific genes.These genes were difficult to find until the technology improved, said Yan."The team used whole genome sequencing technology so that no genes would be excluded, and we found to our surprise that one gene, on chromosome 19, was mutated in six out of the seven initial tumor specimens we sequenced," Yan said. "A mutation frequency of 85 percent is very high."The finding of two additional new genes involved in oligodendrogliomas increases the chances for an effective combination drug therapy for the tumor, Yan said. He envisions a combination cocktail of drugs similar to the combination-drug treatments taken by HIV patients that would target different pathways involved in cancer, and assist both in reducing the chance of relapsing and increasing odds of success.

NANNING, Sept. 1 (Xinhua) -- In south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, an area renowned for its history of musical folklore, local residents have found a unique way to spread knowledge regarding AIDS prevention."All people unite to fight AIDS! AIDS will stay away if we are equipped with AIDS knowledge," state the lyrics of one song that was penned by local songwriters as part of a local anti-AIDS campaign."We asked eight local singers to write and record songs about the disease. We think this is an effective way for local people to acquire AIDS knowledge," said 55-year-old Huang Zhanghui, a resident of the village of Shantun. He said that the songs are played through loudspeakers in his village every evening.The songwriting campaign has been effective because folk songs are a traditional artform in the region, making them more readily understandable and acceptable for local residents, Huang said.Guangxi has been one of the hardest-hit areas in China in terms of the number of AIDS infections discovered there, ranking only after central China's Henan Province. More than 76 percent of the infections are sexually transmitted, according to Ge Xianmin, an official from the AIDS prevention office of the Guangxi regional government.Bama County, which administers Shantun, is known for the longevity of its residents. Nearly 2,500 of its residents are more than 80 years old, and another 81 have celebrated their 100th birthdays."We will not let AIDS threaten this tradition," Huang said.Huang was selected to be the head of the village's AIDS prevention office just two months ago. In addition to the creation of folk songs, the office spreads AIDS prevention knowledge through text messages and publicly screened films.

SYDNEY, July 15 (Xinhua) -- The world's first drug to increase life expectancy of people with advanced melanoma has been approved for use in Australia, local media reported on Friday.The breakthrough drug Yervoy got approval from the Therapeutics Good Association (TGA) on Friday amid hopes it could add two years to the life of people with the most lethal form of skin cancer but for whom other treatments have failed, the Australian Associated Press (AAP) said.Clearance for the drug's use in Australia follows similar approvals by the U.S. health regulator in March.Yervoy works by attacking and destroying cancer cells.Patients are hooked up to an intravenous drip once every three weeks for a total of four doses.Professor Peter Hersey, consultant immunologist to the Melanoma Institute Australia, said no other drug had improved survival rates like Yervoy."Not all patients respond to it but those who do have a good chance of living longer than they would have otherwise," Hersey told AAP.While it may improve survival rates, Yervoy can produce side effects from diarrhea and vomiting to serious blood infections and kidney failure.The average survival time for people with advanced melanoma is just six months.A global study of 676 people with melanoma found that 45 percent of patients given Yervoy were still alive after one year, according to AAP.More than 20 percent lived at least two years, with a small number managing to survive for six years.A separate study, published in June, which showed similarly improved survival rates for patients with newly diagnosed advanced melanoma, has raised hopes that Yervoy could be made more widely available.Melanoma is the fourth most common cancer in Australia, with 10, 300 people diagnosed each year.

BEIJING, Sept. 26 (Xinhua) -- Nobel laureates on Monday cast doubt on a European experiment that purportedly demonstrated the ability of neutrinos to move faster than the speed of light.They made the remarks in Beijing prior to a forum for Nobel laureates."I'm willing to bet money that it's not correct," said Professor George Smoot III, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics and a professor at University of California, Berkeley, referring to an experiment result claiming that particles apparently travel faster than light.The experiment reported an anomaly in the flight time of neutrinos, or electrically neutral subatomic particles, from the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland to a laboratory located 730 kilometers away in Italy.Particles were clocked transmitting at a speed of 300,006 kilometers per second, about 60 nanoseconds faster than the speed of light.Smoot said that the claims "did not make sense" and should be verified by other scientists first."There are many distortions in physics. You have to have a very high standard to see if something is truly correct," he said.The unverified findings were published on Sept. 22 in the scientific journal Nature. European researchers working in a team called OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-Racking Apparatus) projected masses of neutrinos from CERN and then collected the particles using a massive detector in Gran Sasso, south of Rome.Other scientists, as well as the OPERA team themselves, have voiced doubts regarding the experiment's results.The findings, CERN claims, could pose far-reaching potential consequences once verified.If correct, the results would bring Einstein's theory of special relativity into question. Under this theory, a physical object cannot travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum."If really it is right, we have to rethink everything we know," said Chris Llewellyn Smith, former director of CERN.Smith claimed the unprecedented discovery was too exceptional to find proof."If somebody makes a very exceptional claim, then very exceptional proof would need to come from another experiment, saying the same thing. But we don't have the other thing," Smith said.Carlos Rubbia, a Nobel Laureate who won the prize for physics in 1984, is in charge of a team of more than 100 scientists at CERN."What it is pretending to find, in my view, is unbelievably surprising," Rubbia said."Frankly, I have the feeling that this is still a very experimental consideration," Rubbia said.He also believes that revealing the findings to the public was a mistake as it remained an experimental process and no conclusion could be drawn without the results of another experiment.Despite the possibility of verification, Einstein's special theory of relativity will remain valid."I will be very, very surprised that, at last, Einstein will not be the winner," Rubbia said.To achieve a breakthrough, Rubbia has urged for more joint cooperation on verifying the test results. International cooperation on this issue "is a must.""It requires coordination from all nations," said Rubbia.The 2011 Nobel Laureates Beijing Forum will be held from Sept. 28 to 30 under a theme of "innovation and development."

SEOUL, Aug. 31 (Xinhua) -- South Korea's infant mortality rate decreased by nearly half in the last 20 years to stand as the world's 16th lowest, a report showed Wednesday.South Korea had an infant mortality rate of 2.2 per 1,000 in 2009, compared with four deaths per 1,000 newborns reported in 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) and Save the Children, an international non-governmental organization working for children's rights, said in a joint report.With a 45 percent decline in the infant mortality rate, South Korea ranked 16th lowest among WHO member countries, down from its 88th spot in 1990, according to the report. South Korea's infant mortality rate was the same as France, Estonia and Malta. Meanwhile, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) also showed a decline in the infant mortality rate from 23 per 1,000 in 1990 to 18.1 per 1,000 in 2009, but still remained in the lower ranks with 125th place.

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