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BERLIN, June 17 (Xinhua) -- German authority said on Friday first case of human spreading deadly E. coli is detected, as death toll increases to 39 worldwide.A woman working in a kitchen of a catering company was infected by E. coli from sprouts, though she didn't fall ill immediately, said Harald Kehlborn, a spokesman for the consumer protection ministry of German state Hesse.Then she spread E. coli unconsciously to another 20 people through the food she prepared, said Kehlborn.The woman later developed serious complication of hemolytic- uremic syndrome (HUS), which causes failure of kidney and nervous system.According to the data of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany's national disease control centre, the number of people who are infected has reached 3,408 in Germany and 798 people have fallen into HUS, while the infection speed is slowing down.
LOS ANGELES, June 17 (Xinhua) -- The size of low-oxygen zones created by respiring bacteria is extremely sensitive to changes in depth caused by oscillations in climate, thus posing a distant threat to marine life, a new study suggests."The growth of low-oxygen regions is cause for concern because of the detrimental effects on marine populations -- entire ecosystems can die off when marine life cannot escape the low- oxygen water," said lead researcher Curtis Deutsch, assistant professor of atmospheric and oceanic sciences at University of California, Los Angeles."There are widespread areas of the ocean where marine life has had to flee or develop very peculiar adaptations to survive in low- oxygen conditions," Deutsch said in the study to be published in an upcoming print edition of the journal Science.A team led byDeutsch used a specialized computer simulation to demonstrate for the first time that fluctuations in climate can drastically affect the habitability of marine ecosystems.The study also showed that in addition to consuming oxygen, marine bacteria are causing the depletion of nitrogen, an essential nutrient necessary for the survival of most types of algae."We found there is a mechanism that connects climate and its effect on oxygen to the removal of nitrogen from the ocean," Deutsch said. "Our climate acts to change the total amount of nutrients in the ocean over the timescale of decades."Low-oxygen zones are created by bacteria living in the deeper layers of the ocean that consume oxygen by feeding on dead algae that settle from the surface. Just as mountain climbers might feel adverse effects at high altitudes from a lack of air, marine animals that require oxygen to breathe find it difficult or impossible to live in these oxygen-depleted environments, Deutsch said.Sea surface temperatures vary over the course of decades through a climate pattern called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, during which small changes in depth occur for existing low-oxygen regions, Deutsch said. Low-oxygen regions that rise to warmer, shallower waters expand as bacteria become more active; regions that sink to colder, deeper waters shrink as the bacteria become more sluggish, as if placed in a refrigerator."We have shown for the first time that these low-oxygen regions are intrinsically very sensitive to small changes in climate," Deutsch said in remarks published Friday by the American Association for the Advancement of Science on its website. "That is what makes the growth and shrinkage of these low-oxygen regions so dramatic."Molecular oxygen from the atmosphere dissolves in sea water at the surface and is transported to deeper levels by ocean circulation currents, where it is consumed by bacteria, Deutsch said."The oxygen consumed by bacteria within the deeper layers of the ocean is replaced by water circulating through the ocean," he said. "The water is constantly stirring itself up, allowing the deeper parts to occasionally take a breath from the atmosphere."A lack of oxygen is not the only thing fish and other marine life must contend with, according to Deutsch. When oxygen is very low, the bacteria will begin to consume nitrogen, one of the most important nutrients that sustain marine life."Almost all algae, the very base of the food chain, use nitrogen to stay alive," Deutsch said. "As these low-oxygen regions expand and contract, the amount of nutrients available to keep the algae alive at the surface of the ocean goes up and down. "Understanding the causes of oxygen and nitrogen depletion in the ocean is important for determining the effect on fisheries and fish populations, he said.

MOSCOW, Sept. 13 (Xinhua) -- Russian federal space agency -- Roscosmos -- has announced that it would launch four more spacecraft in the forthcoming four months, including two Soyus manned spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS).In accordance with the work schedule of Roscosmos, two cargo spaceships -- of the "Progress" type -- will be launched on Oct.30, 2011 and on Jan.26, 2012, while the two manned spacecraft will be blast off on Nov.12 and Dec.20.Roscosmos said on Tuesday it had been conducting consultations with NASA over updated plans of the upcoming expeditions to the ISS.According to Roscosmos, the new launch schedule has been drafted on the basis of an investigation into an abortive launch of a cargo spaceship on Aug. 24, when the Progress M-12M cargo spaceship failed to reach the orbit due to a rocket malfunction. Russia announced on the same day to delay its future launches of manned spaceship to ISS.After the retirement of the U.S. space shuttle fleet, Russia's Soyuz spacecraft has become the only way for astronauts to reach the ISS until at least the middle of this decade.
KATHMANDU, Aug. 7 (Xinhua) -- Ban on smoking in public places will be enforced from Sunday with the Tobacco Control and Regulatory Act-2010 coming into effect.Those smoking in public places will be fined and civil servants will be liable to departmental action.Government offices, corporations, educational institutions, libraries, airports, public vehicles, orphanages, childcare centres, cinema halls, homes for the elderly, cultural centres, children's gardens, hotels, restaurants, resorts, girls' and boys' hostels, department stores, religious sites and industries have been designated no-smoking zones.Health Secretary Sudha Sharma said mass awareness campaign highlighting punishment will be carried out. She also said an inter-ministerial coordinating committee has been formed to enforce the law to ensure people's right to health. Pasting no- smoking notices at every public place will be mandatory.According to The Himalayan Times daily, the ban covers sale of tobacco products and single sticks within a 100-meter radius of educational and health institutions, children's homes, child care centers and home for elders.Anyone selling tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 years and pregnant women will be fined.The Act also prohibits advertising and sponsoring programs in the name of tobacco-related products through media. Offenders will be fined.The government's mass awareness campaign will cover the entire country to ensure effective implementation of the Act.
WASHINGTON, July 20 (Xinhua) -- The loss of a protein that coats sperm may explain a significant proportion of infertility in men worldwide, according to a study by an international team of researchers led by University of California Davis.A paper describing the work was published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The research could open up new ways to screen and treat couples for infertility.The gene DEFB126 encodes a protein called Beta Defensin 126, which coats the surface of sperm and helps it penetrate cervical mucus in the female. A survey of samples from the U.S., Britain and China showed that as many as a quarter of men worldwide carry two copies of the defective gene.In the new study, researchers found that men with a muted DEFB126 lack Beta Defensin 126, making it much more difficult for sperm to swim through the mucus and eventually join with an egg.Examining 500 newly married Chinese couples, researchers found that the lack of Beta Defensin 126 in men with the DEFB126 mutation lowered fertility (even among men that did not display other deficiencies usually associated with infertility, like inadequate semen volume and low sperm motility). Wives of men with the Beta Defensin 126 variant were significantly less likely to become pregnant than were other couples, and 30 percent less likely to have a birth.This genetic variation in DEFB126 likely accounts for many unexplained cases of infertility, researchers say. They hope next to work with a major infertility program in the U.S. to further explore the role of the mutation.
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