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 Two 250,000-year-old teeth from two Neanderthal children revealed that both of them were exposed to lead twice during their short lifetimes, the first known case of lead exposure in Neanderthals.An international team of researchers studied the two teeth, as well as one from a modern human child who lived 5,000 years ago. All of them are from the same archaeological site in southeast France. The results of their analysis were published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances."Traditionally, people thought lead exposure occurred in populations only after industrialization, but these results show it happened prehistorically, before lead had been widely released into the environment," said Christine Austin, study co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. "Our team plans to analyze more teeth from our ancestors and investigate how lead exposures may have affected their health and how that may relate to how our bodies respond to lead today."And as with tree rings, researchers used the teeth to determine key events in the children's lives. During childhood, new teeth layers are formed each day, capturing chemical signatures that can be traced."Teeth record environmental variation based on the climate, even where you're growing up," said Tanya Smith, lead author of the study and associate professor at Griffith University. "That's possible because when you're growing, your teeth you actually lock in a record of the chemistry of the water and the food that you're eating and drinking. Because teeth have these tiny timelines, we can relate the chemistry to the growth to calculate ancient climate records. We can't do that with any other element of the body."They were able to determine that one of the Neanderthal children was born in the spring and that both children were more likely to be sick during the colder winter seasons. They lived through more extreme seasons with a greater variation in temperature than the modern human child who was also studied.The intact teeth had growth rings, which the researchers used to measure barium, lead and oxygen. Lasers targeted tiny spots in the teeth to map their chemistry and reconstruct ancient climate records. This reconstruction was able to map a weekly scale of variation, showing when the summer and winter seasons happened and how long they lasted. The researchers related this back to the individual's growth."This study reports a major breakthrough in the reconstruction of ancient climates, a significant factor in human evolution, as temperature and precipitation cycles influenced the landscapes and food resources our ancestors relied on," Smith said.The growth rings also provided evidence of nursing."We were able to identify milk intake through breastfeeding in one individual based on a trace element called barium," Smith said. "We were able to time that to the season."That individual nursed for 2? years, which is similar to modern human children who lived in hunter-gatherer environments. "This is something we may share in common with Neanderthals," Smith said. Unfortunately, although the Neanderthal child survived infancy, it did not reach adulthood. The ages of the children were not included in the study.The researchers believe that the children were exposed to lead environmentally, either inhaling or ingesting it."That must have come from natural deposits in the area, whether they were going into an underground environment or they were eating contaminated food that was incorporated into their growing bones and teeth," Smith said.Smith believes that this research emphasizes the different levels of information that can be taken from teeth."We've now got the ability to integrate ancient climate data with health history, nursing history and illness," she said. "To be able to get all that information from a single sample 250,000 years ago is a unique opportunity."But this doesn't just apply to studying those who lived before us."Dietary patterns in our early life have far-reaching consequences for our health, and by understanding how breastfeeding evolved, we can help guide the current population on what is good breastfeeding practice," said Manish Arora, study co-author and vice chairman of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine. "Our research team is working on applying these techniques in contemporary populations to study how breastfeeding alters health trajectories including those of neurodevelopment, cardiac health and other high-priority health outcomes." 4648

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - With school back in session, bullying is a concern for parents and kids. According to a new survey from Boy Scouts of America, bullying took the top spot as the number one concern for Generation Z. “Verbal bullying and cyberbullying are our big problems,” said 14-year-old Katrina Gusman. Gusman has been focusing her time on improving her community and the lives of her peers. “We volunteered for a few hours; it was a really fun experience,” said Gusman. A recent survey by Boy Scouts of America shows 32 percent of kids from 6 to 17 years old believe bullying is the biggest issue in our country. 30 percent of kids say they want to combat bullying globally. In California, the homeless crisis is also taking a toll on Generation Z. According to the survey, 29 percent of kids in California believe homelessness is the biggest issue in our state. “There are people who might be sleeping in other people's houses or with their grandparents because their parents can't find jobs,” said Gusman. It may be due to the prevalent homelessness in California. The White House Council of Economic Advisers found 47 percent of all unsheltered homeless people nationwide live in California. Gusman believes giving back is the first step. She hopes other people will step in to help change the landscape long-term. “I think raising awareness – if more people are aware then we can try to get solutions,” said Gusman 1436

 Nintendo has long been synonymous with entertainment. But now the gaming giant is getting into education.The company announced on Tuesday it is partnering with education nonprofit Institute of Play to bring its popular Switch gaming console and DIY Labo kits to 100 classrooms across the United States. The effort aims to help kids build communication and critical thinking skills in science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics (STEAM).The Nintendo Switch, which is both a handheld and home console, sold roughly 10 million units?after its launch. In January 2018, the company introduced Nintendo Labo, series of DIY projects that allows kids to build things such as an RC car, a fishing rod and a piano out of cardboard. These cardboard figures are used with Switch video games and can tech basic programming skills through its Toy-Con Garage feature.Nintendo is bringing the products to 100 schools nationwide for kids ages 8 to 11. A pilot program has already brought kits to 11 schools in the New York City Tri-State area. The program will run through March 2019.Interested schools can also apply to participate. The Institute of Play said it will eventually create lesson plans for any teacher who wants to introduce it in their classroom.Reggie Fils-Aime, Nintendo of America's president and chief operating officer, told CNN Business the move aims to give back to the community and get the next generation of workers excited about new technology."Nintendo thinks in terms of the long-term," he said."The importance of STEM and STEAM for us is core to having great employees in the future."Arana Shapiro, co-executive director of the Institute of Play, said the response so far has been strong."Kids are very excited by it. There's immediate buy-in from them," she said. "Teachers were skeptical at the beginning, but they've gotten excited across the board by the end. The tipping point for them is the Toy-Con Garage part and being able to see kids tweak [the product] and make it their own."Nintendo's move into the classroom comes at a time when "screen time" is under scrutiny. Studies have shown kids and teens who are addicted to their smartphones tend to be less attentive, get less sleep and are more at risk of depression and suicide.Although the Labo kit gets students to build things and use their imagination, a screen is still central to the process. But Fils-Aime says Labo kits provide more than just entertainment to pass the time."It inspires people, particularly kids to make creations and figure out how they work," he said. "The do-it-yourself, tactile nature really is what drives the experience. Because of the hands-on nature we feel it provides a really compelling experience for kids."Michael Pachter, an analyst at Wedbush, said the Switch device is less controversial than other devices such as Xbox or PlayStation because most of the content is E-rated and not sensitive for kids."You don't feel as bad about your kids spending time using it," he said.He believes Labo is an attempt to ride the success of Nintendo's Wii, which blended gaming with interaction in the real world, by launching a new product.Shapiro from the Institute of Play said the value of the kit is in how kids are encouraged to problem solve and think critically in a fun way."We are always on the lookout for new tools and technologies that combine the best of learning with the spirit of play," she said. "With Nintendo Labo, we found an inspiring and innovative approach in both areas." 3550

 In her new memoir, "Becoming," former first lady Michelle Obama writes a passage explaining how her predecessor, Laura Bush, had extended her help to Obama when she was an incoming first lady, telling her that if Obama needed help, she was "a phone call away."In turn, Obama writes she did the same for Melania Trump when it was her turn to occupy the role. Trump, however, has yet to take Obama up on the offer.On Sunday, Obama was asked about the incident by ABC News' Robin Roberts, "Has (Trump) reached out asked?""No," said Obama. "No, she hasn't."On Monday afternoon, Stephanie Grisham, Trump's communications director, said in a statement to CNN that the first lady was not in need of Obama's assistance."Mrs. Trump is a strong and independent woman who has been navigating her role as First Lady in her own way," Grisham wrote via email. "When she needs advice on any issue, she seeks it from her professional team within the White House."Obama and Trump have seen each other in person three times since the election of Donald Trump as president. In November 2016, Obama invited Trump to have tea in the White House as a traditional welcoming gesture to the incoming first lady. The two women crossed paths again on Inauguration Day, notably when Trump brought a Tiffany & Co. present to the White House as a gift for the Obamas upon their departure. Obama would later joke about that moment on Ellen DeGeneres's talk show."I mean, this is like a state visit, so they tell you that you're going to do this, they're going to stand here. Never before do you get this gift, so I'm sort of like OK. ... What am I supposed to do with this gift?" Obama said.In April of this year, the Obama and Trump were briefly together again; both attended the memorial service in Houston, Texas, for former first lady Barbara Bush. Last year, former first lady Laura Bush told CNN in an interview that she had spoken to Trump since she became first lady, and that she had "been back and had tea with her." 2023

With more Americans working from home, it appears many companies could stick with telework following the spread of the coronavirus.According to a survey of 150 human resources representatives by The Conference Board, 77% expect a shift toward teleworking one year after the coronavirus spread subsides. Those survey expect more workers to spend at least three days a week from home. While many companies might expand telework, some are reporting a decrease in productivity amid the spread of coronavirus. 32% of professional and office work had a decrease in productivity. That number increased to 44% for companies geared toward industry and manual services. But 21% of professional services and 27% industry and manual services companies saw an increase in productivity. But much of that appears not to be connected to telework, and more a result of decreased staffing and revenue."A shift toward more remote working will have major implications for HR departments," said Robin Erickson, PhD, a report co-author and Principal Researcher at The Conference Board. "Among other changes, they will be able to recruit workers from a broader geographic pool and will need to hire and promote those who can inspire remote teams."To read the full survey, click 1267

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