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WASHINGTON, May 27 (Xinhua) -- Two U.S. astronauts conducted the fourth and final scheduled spacewalks for space shuttle Endeavour 's STS-134 mission on Friday morning, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced.The seven-hour, 24-minute spacewalk completed by Mike Fincke and Greg Chamitoff at 7:39 a.m. EDT (1139 GMT) was the final spacewalk conducted by space shuttle astronauts before NASA turns over Endeavour and sister ships Discovery and Atlantis to museums. Space station crew will continue to make spacewalks for maintenance and repair tasks.At 5:02 a.m. (0902 GMT), Fincke and Chamitoff surpassed the 1, 000th hour astronauts and cosmonauts have spent spacewalking in support of space station assembly and maintenance. The milestone occurred four hours and 47 minutes into the spacewalk, the 159th in support of station assembly and maintenance, totaling 1,002 hours, 37 minutes.The astronauts completed their mission to stow the 50-foot-long boom on the station truss and work on some new installations to extend the space station's robotic arm. After that, shuttle commander Mark Kelly called Mission Control in Houston to mark the milestone -- after 12 years of efforts."Space station assembly is complete," Kelly said.It was the 248th spacewalk U.S. astronauts have conducted and the 118th from space station airlocks. Landing is scheduled for 2: 32 a.m. EDT (0632 GMT) on Wednesday at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Shuttle Atlantis is targeted to launch on July 8 for space shuttle's final flight.Endeavour lifted off on May 16 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, to deliver to the International Space Station a 2-billion- dollar, multinational particle detector known as the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS).AMS, a particle physics detector, is designed to search for various types of unusual matter by measuring cosmic rays. Its experiments are designed to help researchers study the formation of the universe and search for evidence of dark matter, strange matter and antimatter.NASA's 30-year-old shuttle program is ending due to high operating costs. The Obama administration wants to spur private companies to get into the space taxi business, freeing NASA to focus on deep space exploration and new technology development.When the U.S. space shuttle program officially ends later this year, the Russian space program's Soyuz capsule will be the only method for transporting astronauts to and from the station.

BEIJING, Feb. 9 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese currency, or the yuan, rose to a new high of 6.585 against the U.S. dollar Wednesday, according to the China Foreign Exchange Trading System.The central parity rate of the RMB, or the yuan, was 10 basis points higher than the previous record of 6.586 set on Feb. 1, the previous trading day.The yuan appreciated 3.6 percent last year, but some analysts predict it could rise further against the dollar this year as the People's Bank of China (PBOC), the central bank, attempts to cool accelerating inflation.The PBOC announced Tuesday it would raise the benchmark one-year borrowing and lending rates by 25 basis points from Wednesday.On China's foreign exchange spot market, the yuan can rise or fall 0.5 percent from the central parity rate each trading day.The central parity rate of the RMB against the U.S. dollar is based on a weighted average of prices before the opening of the market each business day.

LOS ANGELES, April 2 (Xinhua) -- The United States could soon be faced with an epidemic of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ( NAFLD), one of the major contributing factors of chronic liver disease (CLD), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reported Saturday.If the current rates of obesity and diabetes continue for another two decades, the prevalence of NAFLD in the U.S. is expected to increase by 50 percent in 2030, AAAS said.The prediction is based on pre-existing clinical survey data over a 10 year period (1988-1994, 1999-2004 and 2005-2008), which included 39,500 adults from three survey cycles, according to the AAAS.Over the three cycles, the prevalence of NAFLD doubled from 5. 51 percent to 11 percent respectively. Furthermore, during the first survey cycle (1988-1994) 46.8 percent of all CLD's was related to NAFLD but by 2005-2008 this had increased to 75.1 percent. In addition, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes, the two key risk factors for NAFLD also steadily increased."If the obesity epidemic is anything to go by, the U.S. NAFLD epidemic may have a ripple effect worldwide," said Mark Thursz, Vice Secretary of the European Association for the Study of the Liver. "It is imperative that health systems continue to drive effective educational programs to reinforce awareness among the general public to alert them of the risks of obesity and promote the importance of diet and exercise."Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is fast becoming one of the top concerns for clinicians due to the obesity epidemic and it's potential to progress to advanced liver disease which significantly impacts on overall liver-related mortality, Thursz said in remarks published by AAAS' website EurekAlert.org.NAFLD, considered as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is the term used to describe fat build-up in liver cells in people who do not drink alcohol excessively. The disease is the most common persistent liver disorder in Western countries with an estimated overall prevalence of 20-30 percent, according to AAAS.NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver disease associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity and as such people most at risk of NAFLD are those who are obese, have insulin resistance associated with diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol.

LOS ANGELES, April 3 (Xinhua) -- People with lower levels of vitamin D are more likely to have stiffer arteries and an inability of blood vessels to relax, U.S. researchers have found.This finding also applies to people who are in general good health, according to researchers from the Emory University School of Medicine.The researchers presented their findings on Sunday at the annual American College of Cardiology meeting in New Orleans.Impaired vascular health in correlation with lower vitamin D levels contributes to high blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular disease, the researchers say.The study involved 554 participants, with the average age of 47 and generally healthy.The average level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (a stable form of the vitamin reflecting diet as well as production in the skin) in participants' blood was 31.8 nanograms per milliliter. In this group, 14 percent had 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels considered deficient, or less than 20 nanograms per milliliter, and 33 percent had levels considered insufficient, less than 30 nanograms per milliliter.The researchers monitored the ability of participants' blood vessels to relax by inflating and then removing a blood pressure cuff on their arms. To allow blood to flow back into the arm, blood vessels must relax and enlarge -- a change that can be measured by ultrasound. The researchers also made other measurements of smaller blood vessels and examined the resistance to blood flow imposed by the arteries.

LOS ANGELES, April 18 (Xinhua) -- Sugarcane has the effect of cooling temperatures, thus playing role in stemming global warming, a new study has found.Sugarcane does so by reflecting sunlight back into space and by lowering the temperature of the surrounding air as the plants " exhale" cooler water, according to the study conducted by researchers at the Carnegie Institution's Department of Global Ecology.The researchers used data from hundreds of satellite images over 733,000 square miles (about 1,173 square kilometers) in Brazil, where sugarcane is widely grown. They measured temperature, reflectivity (also called albedo), and evapotranspiration -- the water loss from the soil and from plants as they exhale water vapor.The findings showed that expansion of sugarcane in areas previously occupied by other Brazilian crops cools the local climate.Converting from natural vegetation to crop/pasture on average warmed the cerrado by 2.79 Fahrenheit (1.55 Centigrade, but that subsequent conversion to sugarcane, on average, cooled the surrounding air by 1.67 Fahrenheit (0.93 Centigrade), the researchers said in the study published in the April issue of Nature Climate Change."We found that shifting from natural vegetation to crops or pasture results in local warming because the plants give off less beneficial water. But the bamboo-like sugarcane is more reflective and gives off more water -- much like the natural vegetation," said lead researcher Scott Loarie. "It's a potential win-win for the climate -- using sugarcane to power vehicles reduces carbon emissions, while growing it lowers the local air temperature."Brazilians are world leaders in using biofuels for gasoline. About a quarter of their automobile fuel consumption comes from sugarcane, which significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions that otherwise would be emitted from using gasoline.The researchers emphasized that the beneficial effects are contingent on the fact sugarcane is grown on areas previously occupied by crops or pastureland, and not in areas converted from natural vegetation. It is also important that other crops and pastureland do not move to natural vegetation areas, which would contribute to deforestation.So far most of the thinking about ecosystem effects on climate considers only impacts from greenhouse gas emissions. But according to co-researcher Greg Asner, "It's becoming increasingly clear that direct climate effects on local climate from land-use decisions constitute significant impacts that need to be considered core elements of human-caused climate change."

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