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WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- Researchers have found a way to turn mouse embryonic stem cells into sperm and this finding opens up new avenues for infertility research and treatment, according to a study published Thursday in the online edition of journal Cell,A Kyoto University team coaxed mouse embryonic stem cells into sperm precursors, called primordial germ cells (PGCs), and shown that these cells can give rise to healthy sperm. The researchers say that such in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development represents one of the most fundamental challenges in biology.When transplanted into mice that were unable to produce sperm normally, the stem cell derived PGCs produced normal-looking sperm, which were then used to successfully fertilize eggs. These fertilized eggs, when transplanted into a recipient mother, produced healthy offspring that grew into fertile male and female adult mice. The same procedure could produce fertile offspring from induced pluripotent stem cells that are often derived from adult skin cells."Continued investigations aimed at in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development, including the induction of female primordial germ cell-like cells and their descendants, will be crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of germ cell biology in general, as well as for the advancement of reproductive technology and medicine," the researchers wrote.

WELLINGTON, June 7 (Xinhua) -- Scientists in New Zealand have developed a new drug to fight previously untreatable hypoxic cancer tumors, which form in areas of the body starved of oxygen.The researchers at the Auckland University have entered an agreement for the clinical development of CEN-209, which was developed over 10 years of research, said a statement from the university Tuesday.CEN-209 was designed to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in solid hypoxic tumors, which were resistant to standard cancer therapies, said the statement. In lung cancer patients for example, about half of tumors had hypoxic regions.The new drug worked by damaging the DNA of hypoxic cancer cells, while leaving normal, healthy tissues alone.CEN-209 was designed and created by researchers at the university's Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC), using computer models of drug transport within tumors to accurately predict the anti-tumor activity of the drugs."Our computer models of drug transport developed in-house allowed the synthetic chemists to test their design theories and considerably shortened the discovery process," said Associate Professor Michael Hay, who led the ACSRC research chemists."CEN-209 improves markedly on previous agents in this class in terms of its ability to penetrate tumors, and this is reflected by its improved activity in the laboratory, when combined with long or short courses of radiotherapy," said researcher Professor Bill Wilson.Under the agreement between the university's Auckland UniServices Ltd. and California-based Centella Therapeutics, Inc., a subsidiary of Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Centella will have exclusive rights to CEN-209, which it will develop and trial with Cancer Research UK.The work on CEN-209 is the culmination of a program initiated with funding from the U.S. National Cancer Institute, and more recently from the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery. Ongoing preclinical research on CEN-209 and a backup compound was funded by grants from the Auckland Medical Research Foundation, Genesis Oncology Trust and Health Research Council of New Zealand, said the statement.

NEW YORK, Aug. 19 (Xinhua) -- U.S. crude oil price edged down on Friday, ending the week with a 3.65-percent loss, the fourth straight drop in the week.With absence of major macro-economic news, crude prices on Friday mainly followed the dollar's steps. As the dollar dipped to its historic low against the Japanese yen while dropping also against the euro, oil rallied for most of the trading session.But in the last trading hour, crude turned negative because the dollar bounced back from low and the U.S. stocks turned to red. The dollar index, tracking the greenback's performance against a basket of currencies, fell 0.4 percent.Crude prices fell sharply on Thursday as fears of a double-dip recession triggered sell-off of riskier assets. WTI dropped nearly 6 percent. On Friday, the markets seemed to start calming down. But for the week, it still posted a fall of 3.65 percent.Light, sweet crude for September delivery fell moderately 12 cents, or 0.15 percent to settle at 82.26 dollars a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange after trading from 79.17 to 83.55 dollars.But in London, Brent crude for October delivery gained 1.63 dollars, or 1.52 percent to close at 108.62 dollars a barrel. For this week, it gained 59 cents, or 0.55 percent.

LOS ANGELES, July 18 (Xinhua) -- U.S. scientists have proven that oncogenes can change normal cells into stem-like cells, paving the way to a safer and more practical approach to treating diseases like multiple sclerosis and cancer with stem cell therapy.In a collaborative study, researchers from the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), and the Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) in California and Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center in New York have successfully converted human skin cells into brain cells by suppressing the expression of p53, a protein encoded by a widely studied oncogene. This suggests that p53 mutation helps determine cell fate -- good or bad -- rather than only the outcome of cancer.Oncogenes are generally thought to be genes that, when mutated, change healthy cells into cancerous tumor cells.Study findings were appearing Monday on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)."The reality may be more complicated than people think," said Jiang F. Zhong, Ph.D., assistant professor of pathology at the Keck School. "What is a stem cell gene? What is a cancer gene? It may be the same thing.""When you turn off p53, people think the cell becomes cancerous because we tend to focus on the bad thing," Zhong said. "Actually, the cell becomes more plastic and could do good things, too. Let's say the cell is like a person who loses his job (the restriction of p53). He could become a criminal or he could find another job and have a positive effect on society. What pushes him one way or the other, we don't know because the environment is very complicated."Stem cells can divide and differentiate into different types of cells in the body. In humans, embryonic stem cells differentiate into three families, or germ layers, of cells. The reasons why and how certain stem cells differentiate into particular layers are not clearly understood. However, from those layers, tissues and organs develop. The endoderm, for example, leads to formation of the stomach, colon and lungs, while the mesoderm forms blood, bone and heart tissue. In its study, Zhong's team examined human skin cells, which are related to brain and neural cells from the ectoderm.When p53 was suppressed, the skin cells developed into cells that looked exactly like human embryonic stem cells. But, unlike other man-made stem cells that are "pluripotent" and can become any other cells in the body, these cells differentiated only into cells from the same germ layer, ectoderm."IPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) can turn into anything, so they are hard to control," Zhong said. "Our cells are staying within the ectoderm lineage."Zhong said he expects that suppressing other oncogenes in other families of cells would have the same effect, which could have critical significance for stem cell therapy. Future research should focus on determining which genes to manipulate, Zhong said.The study is slated to appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences later this month, according to AAAS.