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BEIJING, Sept. 16 (Xinhua) -- After several similar criminal cases led to greatly varying punishments triggering public concerns, Chinese courts are adopting a series of measures to ensure uniform standards for sentencing criminals.On Oct. 1, two documents that instruct judges on uniform procedures for sentence measurements will be put into use in all Chinese courts, which is said to be a "major reform" for the country's legal system regarding criminal prosecution.According to the new procedures, courts should first set up a penalty baseline for a criminal case based upon basic criminal facts. Then additional punishments will be added according to the amount of money involved, the frequency of the defendants' violations, the consequences and other factors. At last, courts will adjust the results considering the case's overall nature and issue a final sentence.The move came after a series of similar drunk driving cases that led to greatly varying punishments.In July 2009, the Intermediate People's Court of Chengdu in southwestern Sichuan Province sentenced a drunk driver named Sun Weiming to death following an auto accident in which he was driving without a license and killed four people. In the second trial, the verdict was changed to life imprisonment.Sun's case was deemed as a crime against public security.However, one month later another drunk driver in central China's Henan Province only received a jail term of six years and six months for killing six and injuring seven people.That case was ruled to be a traffic accident crime."(The reform) is of significant importance for regulating judicial actions, providing uniform standards for law applications, promoting righteous and uncorrupted justice and boosting the authority and credibility of the country's courts," said Wang Shengjun, president of the Supreme People's Court (SPC), at a Thursday meeting."The Criminal Law only lays down a very wide range of sentences for certain types of crimes, and thus it is very difficult for prosecutors to give a specific sentence based on that," said SPC vice president Xiong Xuanguo in an exclusive interview with Xinhua Thursday.Xiong noted that different judges, given their different knowledge, manners and experience, will also have varied views on the same case.According to the documents, another major change is to introduce advice on sentence measurements from procuratorate organs, including the types and scopes of punishments and how to implement them.Also, courts are allowed to organize public prosecutors, parties involved, their defenders and legal representatives to offer their own advice on sentencing measurements.With the introduction of sentencing measurement advice from defenders, legal representatives and other parties involved, the new rules were expected to balance judges' considerable powers of discretion, said Professor Chen Weidong with the Renmin University of China.According to the SPC, since June last year more than 120 pilot Chinese courts have already been following the new procedures when prosecuting 45,000 criminal cases in 15 regular categories, including traffic accidents, robbery, theft, and drugs, among others.The trial practice has seen positive results as sentences among cases of similar natures and those in different regions were not as varied as before.The rate of appeals and change of sentences in second trials also dropped in these courts, according to Xiong.Meanwhile, Xiong sought to assure those concerned that the new rules would not excessively limit judges' powers as "the standards for sentence measurements, themselves, were made based on all prosecutors' discretion." < "If the measurement results are not appropriate, judges will still have the right to make certain adjustments," Xiong said, adding that local courts will also set down detailed sentence measures according to the characteristics of their regions."The reform is an inevitable process for China's criminal prosecution to transform from rough estimation to precise, scientific and canonical," Professor Chen said.

TALLINN, Sept. 22 (Xinhua) -- Li Changchun, a senior official of the Communist Party of China (CPC), opened here on Wednesday the first Confucius Institute in the Baltic region.Li, a member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee's Political Bureau, said he hopes the facility, jointly launched by Estonia's prestigious Tallinn University and China's Guangxi University with the help of the Chinese Language Council ( also known as Hanban), would serve as a regional center for spreading Chinese culture and offer quality courses for Estonians who are interested in the Chinese language and eager to understand the Chinese culture.Tallinn University is the sole university in this Baltic country that boasts a Chinese major. It has enrolled Chinese- learning students in the past two decades.Rein Raud, rector of the university, reached an agreement with China's Hanban to set up a Confucius Institute on campus during a visit to Beijing in February. Guangxi University was chosen at the time to be its Chinese partner.The Confucius Institute at Tallinn University will offer the public three-month-long courses that teach both the Chinese language and the Chinese culture.The first set of those courses has been overbooked by Estonians, as more and more people in the country become interested in the language and culture of a booming China.Li, while talking with students majoring in Chinese at Tallinn University, encouraged them to study hard and learn more about the Chinese culture."I hope you can be ambassadors of cultural exchanges between China and Estonia, proponents of bilateral economic and trade cooperation and even Sinologists," he said.He added that cultural exchanges are meaningful projects which can "sow the seeds of friendship between China and Estonia" and play an important role in the overall bilateral relationship."The steady development of state-to-state relations is based on favorable public opinions toward each other, which can be nurtured through cultural exchanges," he said.Raud said the establishment of the Confucius Institute at the university was a landmark event in Chinese language learning and the spread of the Chinese culture in Estonia.He pledged to work closely with Guangxi University to build the Confucius Institute into a center for spreading the Chinese culture in the Baltic region.Earlier in the day, Li met with a senior Estonian parliament member on bilateral relations.He also paid a visit to the Port of Tallinn and was briefed on its latest development plans. The port has been trying to build itself into a regional maritime transportation center by seeking support from Chinese partners.Li arrived in Tallinn on Tuesday for a three-day official goodwill visit. Estonia is the first leg of his four-nation tour which will also take him to Montenegro, Ireland and Iran.

BEIJING, Nov. 1 (Xinhua) -- China and Turkey voiced commitment here on Monday to make joint efforts to crack down on terrorism and separatism."China would stay firm on safeguarding its national interests relating to the national sovereignty and territorial integrity," said Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping.Xi made the remarks in his meeting with visiting Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu, according to a press release from Chinese Foreign Ministry.Xi also expressed his appreciation during the meeting for Turkey's support of China's efforts to combat the "East Turkistan" terrorist forces that threaten to sabotage China's unity.The "East Turkistan" terrorist forces pose threats to the development and stability of northwest China, Xi told Davutoglu, noting that China wants to step up cooperation with Turkey in this regard.A bomb attack on Aug. 19 in Aksu City in China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region left eight people dead, including the two attackers, and 15 others injured.Chinese authorities believe the "three forces," an umbrella category for separatists, extremists and terrorists, are responsible for the attacks.Xinjiang -- with 41.5 percent of its population Uygurs, a large Muslim Chinese ethnic group -- is China's frontline against terrorism. The region borders eight central and west Asian countries, many of which have been attacked by terrorist and extremist militant groups.Echoing Xi's views, Davutoglu said Turkey values its ties with China and would unswervingly uphold the one-China policy and crack down on any activities in Turkey that aim to sabotage China's sovereignty and threaten its territorial integrity.The two sides also hailed progress made on bilateral relations, according to the press release, pledging to intensify high level political exchange, expand economic and trade cooperation and strengthen coordination on regional and international issues in an effort to safeguard the interests of the developing countries.Davutoglu's China visit was at the invitation of his Chinese counterpart Yang Jiechi.

BEIJING, Sept. 26 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese government Sunday released a white paper on human rights in China in 2009, highlighting the role of Internet freedom and the country's efforts in safeguarding citizens' legitimate civil and political rights."The overall cause of human rights has been promoted in an all-round way," says the white paper, published by the State Council Information Office under the title "Progress in China's Human Rights in 2009."Chinese netizens' right to freedom of speech on the Internet was protected in 2009 and the Internet has become a new channel for the Chinese government to gauge public opinion, and consequently improve its governance, the report reads.It has become "common practice" for governments at all levels to consult the public via the Internet before formulating some policy, it says.It adds government agencies have set up special websites to facilitate the public's reporting of corruption and dereliction of duty among officials.In 2009, the Chinese government promulgated and implemented its first national action plan with human rights as the theme.The National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2009-2010), which applies the Constitutional principle of respecting and protecting human rights to the various fields of politics, economy, culture, social construction, etc., has been "effectively implemented", according to the white paper.Chinese people's standard of living "has been further improved on the basis of economic and social development" after the country put forward a 4-trillion-yuan (596.6 billion U.S. dollars) stimulus package in the wake of the international financial crisis, it says.In 2009, the per capita net income of rural residents was 5,153 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 17,175 yuan, an increase of 8.5 percent and 9.8 percent respectively over the previous year.The white paper is China's 9th report on human rights since the country began releasing the document in 1991.

来源：资阳报