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SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- More U.S. Internet users will access Internet through mobile devices than through PCs or other wireline devices by 2015, market research company International Data Corporation (IDC) said in its latest study released on Monday.According to IDC, the number of mobile Internet users will grow by a compound annual growth rage of 16.6 percent between 2010 and 2015, as mobile devices sales, such as smartphones and media tablets, explode."The impact of smartphone and especially, media tablet adoption will be so great that the number of users accessing the Internet through PCs will first stagnate and then slowly decline," said IDC in a forecast.Western Europe and Japan will not be far behind the U.S. in following this trend, the study noted.IDC also predicts that some 40 percent of the world's population will have access to Internet in 2015, when the total number of Internet users will grow to 2.7 billion from 2 billion in 2010."Forget what we have taken for granted on how consumers use the Internet," Karsten Weide, IDC's research vice president of media and entertainment, said in a statement."Soon, more users will access the Web using mobile devices than using PCs, and it's going to make the Internet a very different place," he added.

BEIJING, Sept. 20 (Xinhuanet)-- Google's executive chairman Eric Schmidt is to face a Senate hearing on whether the company is abusing its dominance in Internet search, according to media reports on Tuesday.At the Wednesday's hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee's antitrust panel, Schmidt will argue that critics are wrong to say Google gives preference to its own products, instead, Google is just trying to deliver the best-cultivated search results for users. The issue of search ranking is a touchy subject with Google, which says its algorithm is devised to give users the most useful result so they will come back.Another focal point of the hearing, which Schmidt concerned most is "scrapers", those who game its search algorithm, for example, taking commonly searched words, combine them into a nonsensical block of text and throw it up on the Web to grab eyeballs and advertising dollars.Google believes that, if scrapers succeed too often, consumers will lose confidence in search and turn to other resources, thus posing an existential threat to the company.Regulators in the U.S. and abroad have been looking into various aspects of Google's business practices since the company's 2007 purchase of ad firm DoubleClick. At the moment, European regulators are conducting an antitrust inquiry into Google's search business while the Federal Trade Commission is doing likewise. Google relies overwhelmingly on its core product, Internet search, and dominates the market for that product. It handles around two-thirds of U.S. Internet searches and more than 80 percent in many European countries, according to comScore Inc.

SAN FRANCISCO, June 15 (Xinhua) -- Facebook has hired Joe Lockhart, who was former U.S. President Bill Clinton's press secretary during the last two years of his second term, as the social network company's vice president of global communications, U.S. media reported on Wednesday.Lockhart, 51, will report to Elliot Schrage, Facebook's current vice president of global communications, marketing and public policy, The Wall Street Journal said in a report."His experience building and running a press office at the White House gives him particular appreciation for the demands of a global 24-hour news cycle and the challenges of responding effectively to intense scrutiny," Schrage said of Lockhart's arrival.Lockhart will start at Facebook on July 15 and will move from Washington D.C. to Facebook's headquarters in California.Lockhart is the latest Washington insider to join Facebook as the world's largest social networking site is facing intense scrutiny for its privacy practices and growing global presence, The Wall Street Journal pointed out.Last year, Facebook also hired White House economic adviser Marne Levine to serve as its vice president of global public policy.More recently, Facebook hired former Bush administration officials Joel Kaplan as its vice president for U.S. public policy, and Myriah Jordan, who will become a policy manager focusing on congressional relations.

VIENNA, Aug. 11 (Xinhua) -- Austrian researchers have developed a method of using fungi and produced enzymes to split Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) material into their initial state, enabling the recovery of all individual components, said the Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) Thursday in a press release.Enzyme is a special protein that acts as biological catalyst, for example, bacteria and fungi in the nature can break down long chain molecules.Researchers from the Technical University of Graz, the Technical University of Vienna and the Agricultural University of Vienna jointly found that efficient enzymes are capable to break and split PET into small fragments.With different methods, the researchers forced the fungi to overproduce their precious "split-tools" after they are modified and improved by genetic engineering.Through the new method developed by the ACIB, it is now possible to decompose the PET polymer to its initial monomers with high product quality and from this to produce new high-quality materials again.This circuit avoids waste and thus saves resources and is friendly to the environment, said Geog Guebitz, head of the Research Department on Enzymes and Polymers in the ACIB.He further explained that the ACIB has established a partnership with some industrial enterprises to carry out application experiments. From the current splitting time of 24 hours, the researchers expect to shorten the whole process to "a few hours," he added.PET is a common plastic material in the polyester family, widely used in the textile industry. PET film is mainly used in electrical insulation materials, which can be also used for production of film, X-ray films and computer taps, even to produce plastic bottle and other blow molding products.

BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China's economy has soared to the second place in the world, the country's scientific strength has also surged -- if only measured by the numbers.Chinese researchers published more than 1.2 million papers from 2006 to 2010 -- second only to the United States but well ahead of Britain, Germany and Japan, according to data recently published by Elsevier, a leading international scientific publisher and data provider. This figure represents a 14 percent increase over the period from 2005 to 2009.The number of published academic papers in science and technology is often seen as a gauge of national scientific prowess.But these impressive numbers mask an uncomfortable fact: most of these papers are of low quality or have little impact. Citation per article (CPA) measures the quality and impact of papers. China's CPA is 1.47, the lowest figure among the top 20 publishing countries, according to Elsevier's Scopus citation database.China's CPA dropped from 1.72 for the period from 2005 to 2009, and is now below emerging countries such as India and Brazil. Among papers lead-authored by Chinese researchers, most citations were by domestic peers and, in many cases, were self-citations."While quantity is an important indicator because it gives a sense of scientific capacity and the overall level of scientific activity in any particular field, citations are the primary indicator of overall scientific impact," said Daniel Calto, Director of SciVal Solutions at Elsevier North America.Calto attributed China's low CPA to a "dilution effect.""When the rise in the number of publications is so rapid, as it has been in China -- increasing quantity does not necessarily imply an overall increase in quality," said Calto.He noted the same pattern in a variety of rapidly emerging research countries such as India, Brazil, and earlier in places like the Republic of Korea."Chinese researchers are too obsessed with SCI (Science Citation Index), churning out too many articles of low quality," said Mu Rongping, Director-General of the Institute of Policy and Management at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's major think tank.SCI is one of the databases used by Chinese researchers to look-up their citation performance. The alternative, Scopus, provides a wider coverage worldwide."Chinese researchers from a wide range of areas and institutions are vying for publication, as it is a key criterion for academic appraisal in China, if not the only one. As a result, the growth of quality pales in comparison to that of quantity," said Mu, an expert on China's national science policy and competitiveness.On the other hand, China also falls behind the United States in multidisciplinary research, which is a core engine for scientific advance and research excellence.From 2006 to 2010, China published 1,229,706 papers while the United States churned out 2,082,733. According to a new metric introduced by Elsevier's Spotlight research assessment solution, China generated 885 competencies while the United States had 1,817.In other words, China's total research output is more than half that of the United States, while the number of competencies showing China's strength in multidisciplinary research is less than half that of the United States.Cong Cao, an expert on China's science and technology, put it more bluntly in an article he wrote: "When the paper bubble bursts, which will happen sooner or later, one may find that the real situation of scientific research in China probably is not that rosy."China has been investing heavily in scientific research and technological development in recent years to strengthen its innovative capacity, The proportion of GDP spent on R&D grew from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 1.4 percent in 2007, according to the World Bank.An IMF forecast in 2010 says China now ranks second globally in R&D spending. The IMF calculates China's R&D expenditure at 150 billion U.S. dollars when based on Purchasing Power Parity, a widely used economic concept that attempts to equalize differences in standard of living among countries.By this measure, China surpassed Japan in R&D spending in 2010.Many see China's huge investment in R&D as the momentum behind the country's explosive increase in research papers."Getting published is, in some ways, an improvement over being unable to get published," Mu said. "But the problem is, if the papers continue to be of low quality for a long time, it will be a waste of resources."In China, academic papers play a central role in the academic appraisal system, which is closely related to degrees and job promotions.While acknowledging the importance of academic papers in research, Mu believes a more balanced appraisal system should be adopted. "This is a problem with science management. If we put too much focus on the quantity of research papers, we leave the job of appraisal to journal editors."In China, the avid pursuit of publishing sometimes gives rise to scientific fraud. In the most high-profile case in recent years, two lecturers from central China's Jinggangshan University were sacked in 2010 after a journal that published their work admitted 70 papers they wrote over two years had been falsified."This is one of the worst cases. These unethical people not only deceived people to further their academic reputations, they also led academic research on the wrong path, which is a waste of resources," Mu said.A study done by researchers at Wuhan University in 2010 says more than 100 million U.S. dollars changes hands in China every year for ghost-written academic papers. The market in buying and selling scientific papers has grown five-fold in the past three years.The study says Chinese academics and students often buy and sell scientific papers to swell publication lists and many of the purported authors never write the papers they sign. Some master's or doctoral students are making a living by churning out papers for others. Others mass-produce scientific papers in order to get monetary rewards from their institutions.A 2009 survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) of 30,078 people doing science-related work shows that nearly one-third of respondents attributed fraud to the current system that evaluates researchers' academic performance largely on the basis of how many papers they write and publish.Despite rampant fraud, China will continue to inject huge money into science. According to the latest national science guideline, which was issued in 2006 by the State Council, the investment in R&D will account for 2.5 percent of GDP in 2020."If China achieves its stated goal of investing 2.5 percent of its GDP in R&D in 2020, and sustains its very fast economic growth over the next decade, it would quite likely pass the U.S. in terms of total R&D investment sometime in the late 2010s," said Calto, adding that it is also quite likely that at some point China will churn out more papers than the United States.According to Calto, China does mostly applied research, which helps drive manufacturing and economic growth, while basic research only accounts for 6 percent, compared with about 35 percent in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and 16 percent in Japan."In the long term, in order to really achieve dominance in any scientific area, I think it will be necessary to put significant financial resources into fundamental basic research -- these are the theoretical areas that can drive the highest level of innovation," Calto said.