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LOS ANGELES, May 30 (Xinhua) -- The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) warned on Monday that children should keep away from energy drinks which may be dangerous for minors.The AAP urged young children and teens to avoid energy drinks entirely, saying routine consumption of sports drinks should be limited or eliminated.Energy drinks include such popular brands as Red Bull, AMP and Rockstar, the AAP said in a report.These drinks, the report said, tend to be heavily caffeinated, potentially having several times the level of caffeine found in a cup of coffee.In addition, manufacturers often add sugar and herbal stimulants such as guarana and taurine to the drinks, which are popular among kids, according to the report."There's no place for energy drinks for kids," said report co-author Dr. Marcie Beth Schneider, an adolescent physician in Greenwich, Connecticut. "There's a place for sports drinks, but that place is very specific."The caffeine in energy drinks can lead to high blood pressure, high heart rate and insomnia, she said.The other ingredients can boost the power of the caffeine, she said, adding that the drinks will have a greater effect on children because they're smaller than adults."Kids don't need to have this," she said. "This is not something they should be drinking."Schneider declined to identify any energy drinks that may be better than others for kids who insist on drinking them. If kids use energy drinks because they're tired, she said, they should get more rest instead of chugging caffeine.Half of the nation's 5,448 reported caffeine overdoses in 2007 were in people under age 19, although it's not known how many of the cases were the result of energy drink consumption, according to statistics provided by the AAP.

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 15 (Xinhua) -- Facebook and Yahoo on Monday started to test "six degrees of separation," an iconic social experiment in the 1960s that showed everyone is on average approximately six steps away from any other person on earth.The current Facebook-Yahoo "small world" experiment, based on more than 750 million active Facebook users, is expected to determine the social path length between two strangers.Anyone with a Facebook account can participate by going to smallworld.sandbox.yahoo.com and will be assigned a "target person. " The participant will be asked to select one of his or her Facebook friends, whom will be forwarded a message and then pass the message from friend to friend so that the participant will get a message to the "target person" in as few steps as possible.The study is intended as academic social research and will be published in peer-reviews scientific journal, Duncan Watts, Yahoo' s principal research scientist who is leading the experiment, told San Jose Mercury News.In the 1960s, American social psychologist Stanley Milgram and other researchers conducted several experiments to examine the average path length for social networks of people in the United States, suggesting that human society is a small world type network by around 5.5 people steps or about six people on average.It is now currently accepted that there were potential flaws in the so-called "small world experiment" because the conclusions were based on relatively small number of research samples.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- U.S. scientists have found two gene mutations occurring in oligodendrogliomas, the second-most common form of brain cancer, according to a study to be published Friday in journal Science.For years scientists have been looking for the primary cancer genes involved in oligodendrogliomas evolvement. Scientists know the two chromosomes held the probable mutations, but the particular gene information remains unclear.Now scientists at Duke University Medical Center and Johns Hopkins University have discovered the most likely genetic mutations that researchers have been hunting for on chromosomes 1 and 19.The genes they identified, CIC or FUBP1, are tumor suppressor genes. The cancer-related pathways that involve these genes could become targets for future treatments, said Hai Yan, a Duke associate professor of pathology and co-corresponding author of the study.The researchers found CIC on chromosome 19 and FUBP1 on chromosome 1 based on an initial study of seven oligodendrogliomas. They found six mutations and two mutations, respectively, in the seven tumors. Further study of 27 more of these tumors showed that there were 12 and three mutations of CIC and FUBP1, respectively. The two genes were rarely mutated in other types of cancers, indicating that they are oligodendroglioma-specific genes.These genes were difficult to find until the technology improved, said Yan."The team used whole genome sequencing technology so that no genes would be excluded, and we found to our surprise that one gene, on chromosome 19, was mutated in six out of the seven initial tumor specimens we sequenced," Yan said. "A mutation frequency of 85 percent is very high."The finding of two additional new genes involved in oligodendrogliomas increases the chances for an effective combination drug therapy for the tumor, Yan said. He envisions a combination cocktail of drugs similar to the combination-drug treatments taken by HIV patients that would target different pathways involved in cancer, and assist both in reducing the chance of relapsing and increasing odds of success.

UNITED NATIONS, June 8 (Xinhua) -- Marking 30 years of the HIV- AIDS pandemic, scores of heads of state and government and ministers took to the UN General Assembly podium on Wednesday to list their country's accomplishments and list challenges in the battle.The General Assembly High Level Meeting on AIDS is taking place 10 years after the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS and also marks five years since signing of the Political Declaration in which UN member states committed to moving towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon UN recalled how three decades ago AIDS was spreading while "Today, we have a chance to end this epidemic once and for all."Now, instead of fear, there is hope, he said."Today, HIV is on a steep decline in some of the most affected countries. Countries like Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe," he said. "They had the largest epidemics in the world, and they have cut infection rates by one quarter.""Globally, more than 6 million people now get treatment," Ban said. "All of these advances come thanks to you and the commitments you made, first 10 years ago and then again in 2006. Today, the challenge has changed. Today, we gather to end AIDS."However, President Joseph Deiss of the General Assembly said 10 million people still have no access to treatment and far too many people were still being infected, adding it was necessary to continue complementary and closely-linked prevention, treatment, care and support measures."We have reached a critical moment in time," he said. "We must take a holistic approach and integrate the response to AIDS into broader development programs."Michel Sidibe, executive director of the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), recalled how 30 years the disease was called the gay plague and slime disease. People were afraid of each other and there was no hope."This image should not disappear. It is part of our history," he said.Sidibe said the AIDS movement was the story of a people breaking the conspiracy of silence, demanding equity and dignity, confronting societies'wrongs, seizing their rights, and making a passionate call for social justice. Since then, a compact had been made between the global North and the South, which had produced lifesaving results.Now, More than 6.6 million people are being treated in low- and middle- income countries, he said, pointing out that since the initial success stories in Uganda and Thailand 56 countries, including 36 in Africa, have been able to stabilize the epidemic and reduce the number of infections significantly.Infections have been reduced by 35 percent in South Africa and by more than half in India, the UNAIDS chief said. In China, the HIV mortality rate had fallen by 64 percent, Sidibe said. Many other countries had reached universal access to treatment.He voiced what was repeated several times, and that was a call for "a transformational agenda" of "zero infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths."To put a personal face on the disease, a woman from Ukraine openly living with HIV, Tetyana Afansiadi, told her story to the delegates.She told how she had been living with HIV and using drugs for 13 years, had hepatitis C for almost 11 years but now has a husband and an 8-year-old son. Neither have HIV.Three years ago she took part in a drug therapy program that has enabled her to live, work, and take care of her son."Drug dependency and HIV-infection require treatment, not prosecution," she said.Given that opioid substitution therapy in her home city had changed the lives of people like her, it was time to stop refusing antiretroviral treatment to people who used drugs.While the heads of states and government and ministers, usually those heading up health departments, spoke in the General Assembly hall under bright lights, scores more of delegates attended five panel sessions and about 40 individual side events.Some samplings from the spotlighted dark-green podium in the great hall:President Paul Kagame of Rwanda, said, "It is time to galvanize member states to commit to a transformative agenda that overcomes the barriers to an effective, equitable and sustainable response to HIV and AIDS."Jose Angel Cordova Villalobos, health minister of Mexico, called for states to implement friendly, non-discriminatory healthcare systems as well as sex education in order to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS."To achieve this, we call to all the countries congregated here today in order that your actions are based in the framework of respect to the human rights and focusing on gender equity, that allow to consolidate an effective response to the HIV/AIDS without stigmas, discrimination, homophobia, transphobia; as well as any type of violence," he said, referring, in part, to transsexuals.The vice president of Mauritius, Monique Bellepeau, said, "The adverse impact of the AIDS epidemic on the socioeconomic progress, particularly in the developing countries, dictates that there is no time for complacency."She added, "After wrestling with AIDS for the past three decades, we are today equipped with a vast body of knowledge and various new tools to urgently complete the task. No less than strict prevention efforts and universal access to treatment, care and support are required."The speeches continue Thursday and on the final day of the three-day meeting, UN member states are expected to adopt a declaration to guide country responses to HIV over the next five years.

BEIJING, June 11 (Xinhua) -- The Baidu Charitable Foundation (The Baidu Foundation) and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (The Gates Foundation) founded a strategic charitable alliance here Saturday, in a bid to work for a healthy, smoke-free environment both in China and around the world.Li Yanhong, president of Baidu company, China's top online search engine operator, and Bill Gates, co-chair and trustee of the foundation under the names of the couple, attending the ceremony, both wore a shirt that said, "Say No to Forced Smoking."In his speech at the ceremony, Bill Gates said, "This will be a long-term, open-ended alliance. As a sponsor, Mr. Li and I would like to welcome more partners, and we expect to see more Chinese enterprises and all facets of society to focus on public health issues together."Li Yanhong also addressed the meeting, claiming, "Living healthy and green has become a common pursuit of mankind. We hope the alliance can bring together public efforts for this global cause, so that more people can benefit from our endeavor." ' The alliance's first action is to comply with the government ban on smoking in public places and refuse forced smoking, according to a press release from the foundations.Targeting "forced smokers," the alliance will carry out educational campaign through all channels of media to educate and promote self-awareness about the dangers of forced smoking. Moreover, it will also help existing smokers, especially those who are underage, by sharing scientific methods for quitting.Smoking is one of the world's eight primary causes of death, leading to lung disease, cancer, heart disease, low birth rate, fetal death, tuberculosis, high mortality and many other health issues. Smoking forces many families into poverty by causing both poor health and premature death.China ranks first in tobacco consumption and production in the world. China has 300 million smokers, and one in every three cigarettes smoked in the world is smoked in China. More than half of Chinese smokers are male; and more than 1 million people die from smoking related diseases each year.In addition, China has 740 million "forced smokers," whose health also suffers. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that there is no safe level of second-hand smoke.This year, China published its 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) that clearly stipulates for "implementing a full-scale ban on smoking in public facilities." This is the first time that tobacco control has been included as part of China's five-year plan for national economic and social development."Rules for Implementation of Public Facilities Health Management Regulations," effective since May 1st, also specifies to "ban smoking at all public indoor facilities," providing legal basis for non-smokers to protect their rights of health and to refuse "involuntary smoking."Aside from tobacco control, the strategic alliance co-founded by the foundations will also collaborate on a series of projects, such as AIDS prevention and control, in a joint effort to promote health for mankind.Founded in 2000, the Gates Foundation currently carries out charity projects in over 100 countries. Since establishing the Beijing Representative Office in 2007, the Gates Foundation has supported a range of health and development projects in China, including the advocacy of smoke-free environment, AIDS and tuberculosis prevention and control, and agricultural development and research projects.Launched in 2010, the Baidu Foundation is committed to use information technology for support of youth and disadvantaged groups, focus on the environment and promote social harmony.Ever since Baidu was founded, Li has actively pushed for tobacco control within the enterprise and the industry. He is the only Chinese member of the United Nation AIDS Prevention Senior Committee and also board member of the HuaXia Charity Foundation.