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WASHINGTON, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- Children with autism have more brain cells and heavier brains compared to typically developing children, according to a study to be published on Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.The small, preliminary study provides direct evidence for possible prenatal causes of autism.The prefrontal cortex is involved in various higher order functions such as language and communication, social behavior, mood, and attention. Children who have autism tend to show deficits in such functions.Eric Courchesne, of the University of San Diego School of Medicine Autism Center of Excellence, and colleagues conducted direct counts of brain cells in specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem brains of seven boys who had autism and six typically developing males, ranging in age from 2-16 years. Most participants had died in accidents, but the researchers did not base their selection on causes of death.The researchers found that children with autism had 67 percent more neurons in the prefrontal cortex and heavier brains for their age compared to typically developing children. Since these neurons are produced before birth, the study's findings suggest that faulty prenatal cell birth or maintenance may be involved in the development of autism. Another possible factor that may contribute to the neuronal excess is a reduction in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which normally occurs during the third trimester and early postnatal life.Though small, this preliminary study examined all relevant postmortem tissue available at the time. The relative scarcity of tissue from very young children may limit future research as well, but efforts to include a larger number of samples are needed to confirm these findings and to identify patterns of age-related changes in autism, the researchers say."Earlier studies of head circumference and early brain overgrowth have pointed us in this direction, but there have been few quantitative neuroanatomical studies due to the lack of postmortem tissue from children with autism," said Thomas Insel, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, in a statement. "These new results, along with an earlier study reporting altered wiring of the prefrontal cortex, focus our attention on this critical area of the brain in autism."

OTTAWA, Nov. 21 (Xinhua) -- The leader of World Health Organization (WHO) Margaret Chan said in Canada on Monday that countries must make the health of women and children their highest priority.Speaking at a luncheon in Gatineau, Quebec, Chan said that maternal and infant health is the most pressing public health issue in the world.She made the remarks just hours after WHO announced Chan was the only candidate for the position on WHO director-general when Chan's appointment expires next year.An executive board meeting in Geneva between Jan. 16 and 23 will decide whether to put the name forward to the WHO Assembly in May, which would make the final decision regarding the appointment.Chan, a former health chief in China's Hong Kong, was elected director-general of the WHO in Nov. 2006.Before her tenure with WHO, Chan was head of public health in Hong Kong, where she managed the city's response to the world's first outbreak of the deadly H5N1 bird flu virus and an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).Speaking in Gatineau, Chan, who earned her medical degree in Canada, said that she never expected to rise to such a lofty position."I just wanted to be a doctor. I just wanted to take care of women and children. When I was studying in Canada, I thought I would get married and have children. I never guessed I'd do anything like head the World Health Organization," she said.She said that she will continue to focus the WHO's attention on mothers and young children.Chan said that it's difficult to know how many mothers and young children die of preventable diseases, since more than 80 countries don't keep accurate death records, but she said that millions of children under five years of age are dying.Millions more are growing up physically and mentally stunted because of poor nutrition and medical care, she added."Without proper nutrition, the stunting we are seeing is horrific," she said. Unless babies have good food, including being breast-fed as infants, they grow up physically and mentally under-developed, Chan said."The first few years of a child's life are make or break," she said.Chan and the WHO held a meeting of the Expert Panel on Maternal and Child Health in Canada from Nov. 18 to Nov. 21. The panel was established by the United Nations Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health Report. At the invitation of the WHO, the Commission was co-chaired by Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper and the President of Tanzania, Dr. Jakaya Kikwete.Chan says she's hopeful funding from developed nations will continue to expand, despite the debt crisis facing many of them. The situation resembles the 1970s, with spikes in energy and food prices along with cuts to national budgets to restrain debt.Chan said she is relieved the International Monetary Fund will not press for public health cuts in countries that are struggling with debt.Beverley J. Oda, Minister of International Cooperation who is responsible for Canada's official aid affairs, delivered remarks at the luncheon on improving the health of children and mothers locally and globally."I am particularly proud of the strong partnership between the WHO and Canada in advancing global health, and working towards improvements that will help us achieve our shared goals," she said.Last Friday, Oda announced 25 new initiatives to further Canada 's support to 23 projects in Africa concerning Children and Youth, Food Security and Sustainable Economic Growth.Seven of these are multi-country projects supporting efforts to prevent the mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS, further improving child health, or increasing the capacity of African Regional Technical Centres. The others are targeted to support work in a range of individual African countries by working with Canadian, international and African-based organizations.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 21 (Xinhua) -- New research suggests that, in people who don't currently have memory problems, those with smaller regions of the brain's cortex may be more likely to develop symptoms consistent with very early Alzheimer's disease.The study was published Wednesday in the online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.For the study, researchers used brain scans to measure the thickness of regions of the brain's cortex in 159 people free of dementia with an average age of 76. The brain regions were chosen based on prior studies showing that they shrink in patients with Alzheimer's dementia.Of the 159 people, 19 were classified as at high risk for having early Alzheimer's disease due to smaller size of particular regions known to be vulnerable to Alzheimer's in the brain's cortex, 116 were classified as average risk and 24 as low risk. At the beginning of the study, participants were also given tests that measured memory, problem solving and ability to plan and pay attention. The tests will go on over the next three yearsThe study found that 21 percent of those at high risk experienced cognitive decline during three years of follow-up after the MRI scan, compared to seven percent of those at average risk and none of those at low risk."Further research is needed on how using MRI scans to measure the size of different brain regions in combination with other tests may help identify people at the greatest risk of developing early Alzheimer's as early as possible," said study author Bradford Dickerson, of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and a member of the American Academy of Neurology.

XIAMEN, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) -- The three-decade achievements of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone have shown that China has made the right decision to set up special economic zones (SEZs), President Hu Jintao said Monday.Hu made the remarks in a congratulatory letter to a gala held Monday in southeastern Fujian province's city of Xiamen, which is celebrating the 30th founding anniversary of its special economic zone.Over the past 30 years, the Xiamen Special Economic Zone has made marked socio-economic progress, made significant changes in people's lives, and served as a pilot area for the country's reform and opening-up and socialist modernization, Hu said.The Xiamen Special Economic Zone has made a unique contribution to promoting cross-Strait economic and trade cooperation as well as culture and personnel exchanges, Hu said in the letter.Hu also urged the economic zone to further enhance the capability of independent innovation, ensure and improve people's well being, strengthen and make innovations in social management, and better serve the peaceful development of the cross-Strait relationship.He Guoqiang, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, attended and addressed the gala.In his speech, He said the economic zone should develop high-end manufacturing business and a modern service industry, while speeding up the establishment of a market-oriented technology innovation system that integrates production with scientific research.The economic zone needs to make greater efforts in energy saving and emissions reduction as well as environmental protection by greatly developing a green and recycling-based economy, according to He.He also said that the economic zone should exert itself to increase the income of rural and urban residents, especially low-income residents, and meet people's basic requirements in terms of education and culture, employment, medical services and housing."Reasonable appeals of the people should be addressed, and behavior that undermines people's interests should be resolutely rectified," He said.In addition, He expects the Xiamen Special Economic Zone to thoroughly implement the cross-Strait Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) and further explore and enhance cooperation in finance and logistics with Taiwan, He said.The economic zone should also strengthen the development of direct flights, customs clearance and ports in order to facilitate direct exchanges across the Taiwan Strait, according to He.He also met with representatives of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents and overseas Chinese, who attended the gala.He said people from all walks of life in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan have long been active in investing, financing education and alleviating poverty in Fujian.They have not only shared the opportunities that the country's reform and development have brought forth and expanded their own enterprises, but also greatly boosted the country's socio-economic progress, He said."You are witnesses, participants and beneficiaries of the reform and opening up," He said to these representatives.The Xiamen Special Economic Zone is one of the four earliest SEZs set up after China initiated the reform and opening up in 1978. In 1984, it was expanded from the initial 2.5 square kilometers to 131 square kilometers. Last year, it was extended to span the entire city.

WELLINGTON, Oct. 17 (Xinhua) -- Parents wanting to help their children avoid asthma and other allergies are being told to give their toys a frosty reception by sticking them in the freezer.Medical scientists in New Zealand and Taiwan have discovered that freezing children's soft toys can kill almost all house dust mites (HDMs), the microscopic bugs associated with a range of allergies, including asthma.Other effective remedies for killing HDMs, commonly found in children's soft toys, were tumble drying and washing with eucalyptus oil and detergent, the scientists from New Zealand's University of Otago and Taiwan's Changhua Christian Hospital found.HDMs were strongly associated with the development of asthma in children, and the severity of asthma was in proportion to the number of house dust mites a child was exposed to when sleeping with soft toys, said a statement from the university Monday."Children frequently sleep with their favorite toys close to their airways and this may be important for HDM-sensitized asthmatic children," said University of Otago Associate Professor Rob Siebers.The scientists tested the three different cleaning methods on 36 toys divided into three groups of 12.Freezing toys for at least 16 hours at minus 15 degrees centigrade resulted in a 95-percent reduction of HDMs, as did soaking in an emulsion of eucalyptus oil and liquid detergent for one hour before rinsing and drying.Hot tumble drying for one hour reduced mites by 89 percent, the study found."Washing and soaking with eucalyptus oil and detergent is very effective in not only reducing live mites, but also reducing house dust mite allergens, compared to freezing and tumble drying," said Siebers.Ten of the 12 toys cleaned this way showed no live mites at all.Siebers said all three methods were more effective than just washing toys, because water needed to be above 55 degrees centigrade to kill HDMs, but this usually damaged the toys."My advice for parents is to either tumble dry for one hour, or freeze the soft toy overnight, and then wash it in a cold wash to remove any allergens."Siebers said the thickness of the material used in making the toys could alter the effectiveness of the three methods.The scientists would conduct further research to determine how quickly HDMs recolonized soft toys and how often toys should be treated.The study has been published in the European journal, Paediatric Allergy and Immunology.