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You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

WASHINGTON, April 25 (Xinhua) -- A class of drugs that shows promise in breast and ovarian cancers with BRCA gene mutations could potentially benefit colorectal cancer patients with a different genetic mutation, a new study from the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center finds.Working in cell lines from colorectal cancer patients, researchers found that the class of drugs called PARP inhibitors worked against tumors with mutations in the MRE11 gene.About 15 percent of all colorectal cancers have what's called microsatellite instability, a type of error in the DNA. About 82 percent of those tumors have the MRE11 gene mutation."This is a potential broader application for PARP inhibitors, beyond breast and ovarian cancer. This is a class of drug that's already shown safety in early clinical trials and now might benefit some colorectal cancer patients as well," says lead study author Eduardo Vilar-Sanchez, a hematology/oncology fellow at the university, in a statement.The study, which was published Monday in Cancer Research, also found that PARP inhibitors are even more effective when both copies of MRE11 were mutated. Each person carries two copies of each gene, which means mutations can occur in either one or both copies. The researchers suggest that PARP inhibitors could be targeted specifically to colorectal cancer patients who have two copies of the mutated gene.Researchers are planning a phase I clinical trial to look at using PARP inhibitors in colorectal cancer patients with two mutated copies of MRE11. Future trials are being considered using PARP inhibitors to prevent colorectal cancer and other cancers in people with Lynch syndrome whose tumors have this mutation.Microsatellite instability is also seen in prostate cancer and endometrial cancer, suggesting potential for PARP inhibitors to play a role in additional types of cancer as well, Vilar-Sanchez says, adding that more research is needed in these areas.

LOS ANGELES, April 2 (Xinhua) -- People taking antidepressants may be more likely to develop thicker arteries which may raise the risk of heart disease and stroke, a new study suggests.Depression can heighten the risk for heart disease, but the effect of antidepressant use is separate and independent from depression itself, according to the study make public by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on Saturday.The data suggest that antidepressants may combine with depression for a negative effect on blood vessels, said study first author Amit Shah, MD, a cardiology fellow at Emory University School of Medicine.Study findings will be presented on April 5 at the American College of Cardiology meeting in New Orleans, according to the AAAS.The study included 513 middle-aged male twins who both served in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. Twins are genetically the same but may be different when it comes to other risk factors such as diet, smoking and exercise, so studying them is a good way to distill out the effects of genetics.Researchers measured carotid intima-media thickness - the thickness of the lining of the main arteries in the neck -- by ultrasound. Among the 59 pairs of twins where only one brother took antidepressants, the one taking the drugs tended to have higher carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), even when standard heart disease risk factors were taken into account.The effect was seen both in twins with or without a previous heart attack or stroke. A higher level of depressive symptoms was associated with higher IMT only in those taking antidepressants."One of the strongest and best-studied factors that thickens someone's arteries is age, and that happens at around 10 microns per year," Shah said. "In our study, users of antidepressants see an average 40 micron increase in IMT, so their carotid arteries are in effect four years older."Antidepressants' effects on blood vessels may come from changes in serotonin, a chemical that helps some brain cells communicate but also functions outside the brain, Shah said."I think we have to keep an open mind about the effects of antidepressants on neurochemicals like serotonin in places outside the brain, such as the vasculature. The body often compensates over time for drugs' immediate effects," Shah said. " Antidepressants have a clinical benefit that has been established, so nobody taking these medications should stop based only on these results. This isn 't the kind of study where we can know cause and effect, let alone mechanism, and we need to see whether this holds up in other population groups."

BEIJING, Feb. 8 (Xinhuanet) -- China's railroads and highways will see their busiest day of the Spring Festival holiday on Tuesday when the number of travelers returning to major cities hits its peak, just as a cold snap sweeps across much of the country, the ministries of railways and transport said on Monday.The Ministry of Railways said on its website that there had been a sharp rise in the number of travelers leaving smaller cities on Monday bound for such places as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.The ministry said the number of people on the move on Tuesday is likely to make the day the Spring Festival travel peak.The nation's roads are also likely to be at their Spring Festival maximum on Tuesday and Wednesday, the Ministry of Transport reported on Monday on its official website.The National Meteorological Center (NMC) added on Monday that a moderate cold snap was expected on Tuesday, causing temperatures to fall by between four and six degrees in most parts of China.The weather pattern will bring widespread rain and snow to the southern part of China from Wednesday to Friday, the NMC said.The Ministry of Railways said on its website that it has asked its local branches to be prepared for the upcoming icy weather.Meanwhile, the local authorities in big cities have been bracing for the arrival of massive numbers of travelers as the Spring Festival holiday winds down.In Shanghai, tens of thousands of public transportation workers cut their holidays short and put 27 additional bus lines on the road to meet demand as passengers began arriving in large numbers at the city's railway stations.The influx began on Saturday night, according to local newspaper Wenhui Daily.On Sunday, the pressure intensified on the Qinghai-Tibet railway, two days earlier than expected.As a result, the railway company organized additional workers to facilitate the flow of people through Xining Railway Station in Northwest China's Qinghai province.Many volunteers have also been pitching in to help keep people moving and have offered to do various jobs at stations, such as helping people buy tickets and assisting them in checking their travel schedules.Among them, Liu Chen, a student from the Guangzhou-based Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, has been helping people at Guangzhou Railway Station by carrying their bags."One day, I helped more than 70 passengers with their luggage and, after all of them got on the trains, it felt like my legs were almost paralyzed," he said.The Hohhot railway bureau in North China's Inner Mongolia autonomous region said it is expecting so many extra passengers that it has scheduled four additional trains for lines to Chongqing and Beijing.With so many people scrambling to get back from family gatherings and holidays to their jobs in China's big cities, the rush to buy tickets has been phenomenal. Tickets for trains that will leave Nanjing on Tuesday for Beijing, Guangzhou, Harbin and Changchun had virtually all gone on Monday morning, Jiangsu's Yangtse Evening Post reported.On Sunday, the fourth day of Spring Festival, the country's railways carried a total of 5.3 million travelers, which was up by 12.8 percent on the 4.7 million who rode the rails a day earlier, according to the Ministry of Railways.Another 38.6 million travelers made Spring Festival trips on Sunday on buses and ships, according to the Ministry of Transport.The traditional chunyun period, or Spring Festival travel season, runs for 40 days and is calculated in two phases: 15 days before Spring Festival Eve and 25 days after it, as stipulated by the central government.China's railways moved about 77.3 million passengers during the first 15-day period, which ran from Jan 19 to Feb 2, the Ministry of Railways reported.

TAIPEI, Jan. 29 (Xinhua) -- Nora Sun, granddaughter of Sun Yat-sen, the forerunner of China's revolution to end feudalism, died Saturday afternoon in a Taipei hospital, about one month after being injured in a car accident.Sun, 72, was severely injured in a car crash while on her way to an airport near Taipei on Jan. 1. She was in stable condition after several operations, but her condition abruptly deteriorated Saturday afternoon, according to hospital officials, without giving additional details.Sun, who spent most of her time in Shanghai, came to Taipei to attend the Flora Expo. While returning to Taoyuan International Airport near Taipei the black sedan Sun was riding in crashed head-on into an oncoming vehicle, described as a red car. Sun had planned to return to Hong Kong that day.Sun's car had been driven by a friend. The driver of the red car, who was believed to be speeding, according to police, died on the spot. Sun, her friend, and an injured passenger in the red car were immediately transported to a hospital. .Sun is the youngest daughter of Sun Fo, son of Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the 1911 Revolution that ended imperial rule in China.