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WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

BEIJING, Dec. 12 (Xinhuanet) -- For many multinational firms, the past 10 years in China have not only marked the rise of the world's second-largest economy but have also been a decade of expansion and profit growth.As they look back at this "golden decade", which is often used to describe the days after China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, their early expectations and ambitions in a more liberalized Chinese market were found to be more than fulfilled.When German auto giant BMW set foot on the Chinese mainland by establishing its first office in Beijing in 1994, its products were still far too luxurious for ordinary Chinese.In 2001, only 6,500 vehicles were sold under the BMW and Mini brands in China.NYK Diana, a container ship, anchors at Qingdao Port in East China's Shandong province on Thursday, as workers load cargo.But sales started to pick up with China's WTO entry, when the removal of trade barriers brought unprecedented economic growth and a booming market.In 2010, the vehicle maker, which started a joint venture with the domestic Brilliance China Automotive in 2003, sold 169,000 vehicles in China.That record is set to be broken this year as more than 170,000 cars were sold only in the first three quarters."We are both beneficiaries and firm supporters of the open market system," said Christoph Stark, president and CEO of BMW's Greater China region.By liberalizing its market, China, which celebrated the 10th anniversary of its WTO accession on Sunday, has become a thriving market and a savior for foreign enterprises hit hard by the global downturn.In 2009, when General Motors declared bankruptcy in the United States amid the global recession, its Chinese branch saw sales rise 66.9 percent year-on-year to more than 1.8 million units.In 2010, China overtook the United States to become GM's largest national market.The list of similar companies is extensive, as China's decade-long membership of the WTO has helped the Asian powerhouse attract 347,000 foreign firms with investment of more than 0 billion in the past 10 years.Chong Quan, deputy representative for China's international trade talks, said foreign enterprises made more than 0 billion in profit in the 10-year period, with an average annual increase of 30 percent."The accession to the WTO has made China a more transparent, safe and predictable market, as well as an essential part of the global economy," said Dominique Poulique, president of Alstom China.The French power engineering and train company, with more than 30 entities and about 10,000 employees in China, is one of the major foreign suppliers to the Chinese rail transport market."Rapid changes took place in China in the past decade, with its massive investment in infrastructure construction and notable development in energy," Poulique said.Wang Zhile, director of the research center of transnational cooperation under the Ministry of Commerce, said increasing shared interests between China and multinationals are putting them into an inseparable community, one that has found win-win solutions in the past decade.There is also high-quality labor at a relatively low cost, including white-collar workers, he added.Admittedly, the huge market and rich resources have powered up multinational firms in global competition, especially during and after the financial crisis.Forty-nine percent of the responding multinational companies had higher expectations for China in the wake of the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, according to a recent survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit, a business information arm of the Economist Group.Although showing signs of a slowdown, China's economy is still widely expected to grow by more than 8 percent next year, at a time when debt and financial instability are weakening growth in other leading economies.Poulique said he expected China's rapid growth to continue into the next decade, especially in the infrastructure construction market."For Alstom, the top task here is to keep adapting to the changing business environment," he said.Many foreign companies are moving research and development facilities to China in the hopes of making it a base for talent and technology.In Shanghai, 347 multinationals have set up regional headquarters, with the establishment of 333 foreign-funded research and development centers.

BEIJING, Jan. 17 (Xinhuanet) -- India has reported the first case of "totally drug-resistant tuberculosis," a long-feared and virtually untreatable form of the killer lung disease.Similar highly resistant cases have been noted before. In 2003, two Italian women died and there were 15 cases reported from Iran in 2009. That same year, The Associated Press reported on a case of a Peruvian teenager who was infected at home but diagnosed while visiting Florida.Such kind of TB has mostly been limited to impoverished areas, and has not spread widely. But experts believe there could be many undocumented cases.No one expects the Indian TB strains to rapidly spread elsewhere.The airborne disease is mainly transmitted through close personal contact and isn't nearly as contagious as the flu. Indeed, most of the cases of this kind of TB were not from person-to-person infection but were mutations that occurred in poorly treated patients.The Indian hospital that saw the initial cases tested a dozen medicines and none of them worked. A TB expert at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said they do appear to be totally resistant to available drugs."It is concerning," said Dr. Kenneth Castro, director of the CDC's Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. "Anytime we see something like this, we better get on top of it before it becomes a more widespread problem."Ordinary TB is easily cured by taking antibiotics for six to nine months. However, if that treatment is interrupted or the dose is cut down, the stubborn bacteria battle back and mutate into a tougher strain that can no longer be killed by standard drugs. The disease becomes harder and more expensive to treat.Tuberculosis is an age-old scourge that lies dormant in an estimated one in three people. About 10 percent of those people eventually develop active TB, which kills roughly 2 million a year, according to WHO. Each victim infects an average of 10 to 15 others every year, typically through sneezing or coughing.If a TB case is found to be resistant to the two most powerful anti-TB drugs, the patient is classified as having multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR). An even worse classification of TB — one the WHO accepts — is extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR), a form of the disease that was first reported in 2006 and is virtually resistant to all drugs.About 20 percent of the world's multi-drug-resistant cases were found in India, which is home to a quarter of all types of tuberculosis cases worldwide.

BEIJING,Nov. 9 (Xinhuanet) – Yinghuo-1, China's first interplanetary spacecraft, is set to hitch a ride with Russia's Phobos-Grunt Mars mission in the early hours on Wednesday, after a two-year delay.A Zenit-2SB rocket will carry Yinghuo-1 and Phobos-Grunt into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch site in Kazakhstan.It is China and Russia's first joint Mars operation and also marks China's first voyage to the Red Planet, China Great Wall Industry Corp said in a news release on Tuesday.Yinghuo-1 will work in orbit with Phobos-Grunt for more than 12 months in collecting data on the Martian atmosphere.Both spacecraft will travel for more than 10 months before entering Martian orbit. During the trip, Yinghuo-1's power supply, communications and temperature gauge will be controlled from the Russian craft, scientists said.Both craft will orbit the planet three times before decoupling. The 106-kg Yinghuo-1 will circle Mars in an elliptical orbit, while Phobos-Grunt will actually land on Phobos, one of the two Martian moons, and bring back soil samples to Earth."The collaboration with Russia will enhance China's ability in deep space exploration, improve spacecraft design and development, and promote planetary exploration," said an unnamed official with the corp, a subsidiary of the China Aerospace Science & Technology Corp. Russia's Lavochkin Research and Production Association signed a cooperation contract, based on an agreement between the Chinese and Russian governments, with China Great Wall Industry Corp in 2007.Yinghuo-1, with a two-year lifespan, also has its own scientific goals.These include analyzing the planet's magnetic environment and ionosphere (upper atmosphere), taking images of topographical features and studying gravity fields on the Martian equator.Pang Zhihao, deputy editor-in-chief of the monthly publication, Space International, said China's focus on the planet's upper atmosphere is significant.Twenty detectors have explored parts of Mars, but most of them have looked for traces of life or water or places suitable for setting up colonies, he said.But studying the upper atmosphere is also vital if humans are to live on the planet, he said.The mission was set for October 2009, but later postponed to this year to enhance the reliability of the project.Only the United States, the former Soviet Union and the European Union have succeeded in landing probes on Mars. Five are in operation, four belong to the US and one belongs to the EU.At least 21 probes sent to the planet have failed. The Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology under the CASC, which designed Yinghuo-1 in 23 months, said that the satellite posed a major technological challenge as the furthest space destination for China before had been the moon. The moon's average distance from Earth is about 384,000 km. The distance between Mars and Earth, depending on orbits, ranges from approximately 55 million km to about 350 million km.Yinghuo-1 will have to endure periods in the freezing dark side of the planet.It underwent simulated tests that matched the Martian temperature, - 260 C.Because of the distances involved, the satellite cannot rely on ground control to adjust position. It will rely on its own onboard computer, scientists said.

BEIJING, Oct. 27 (Xinhuanet) -- Virginia M. Rometty, 54, will succeed present IBM CEO Sam Palmisano to be the next chief executive at the start of 2012, the company announced Tuesday.This is unprecedented in the New York-based company's 100-year history, because Rometty, a senior vice president of IBM, will be its first female CEO.Since joining the company three decades ago, Ms. Rometty has contributed a lot to the giant I.T. Company.After graduating from Northwestern University with an undergraduate degree in computer science, she entered the company in 1981 as a systems engineer. In virtue of outstanding performance, she was quickly promoted to management.For the following 20 years, she worked with clients in banking, insurance, and telecommunications, to name a few.In 2002, Rometty caught Palmisano's attention when she helped integrate the 3.5 billion dollar acquisition of the big business consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting, IBM's largest deal ever at the time.Then she became senior vice president of the group and group executive for sales, marketing and strategy in 2009. Under her leading, the business in overseas emerging markets including China, India, Brazil and several African nations, has increased sharply.New York Times reported that such markets now accounted for 23 percent of IBM.’s revenue, up from 20 percent when she took over.“Ginni got it because she deserved it,” Mr. Palmisano told the New York Times. "Ginni" is an informal first name used by her friends and colleagues.The selection of Rometty for chief executive will make her the 17th female CEO in the Fortune 500 on the following January. Other prominent women who play the same role as Rometty include Indra Nooyi of PepsiCo, Ellen J. Kullman of DuPont, Meg Whitman of Hewlett-Packard, and so on.