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BEIJING, July 26 (Xinhuanet) -- Seven of the 20 top selling American prescription drugs will lose their patents by the end of next year, making way for less expensive generic versions, according to media reports.It's a shift that could save consumers billions of dollars -- assuming those big-ticket medications are willing to give up a trusted brand name for an off-label replacement.The prices of medications such as cholesterol-fighting Lipitor and blood thinner Plavix are expected to go down significantly, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Lipitor will lose its patent in November. When that patent expires, people are advised to buy atorvastatin, the generic equivalent. Other brand names include the anti-psychotic Zyprexa and the rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis drug Enbrel, of which the patent will expire in October and October of next year, respectively.Over the next 10 years, an estimated 120 more brand-name prescription drugs will lose their patents in the U.S.

LOS ANGELES, July 18 (Xinhua) -- At least 70 genetic mutations may be involved in the formation of colon cancer, far more than scientists previously thought, a new study suggests.The study by researchers at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center contradicts previous thinking that only a few mutated genes may play a role in the development of colon cancer."The ways we've been treating patients up to now is to just go after one target when we should be going after three to four different pathways simultaneously," said Dr. Jerry W. Shay, vice chairman and professor of cell biology at UT Southwestern.The new study identified 65 candidate genes and at least five passenger genes whose mutations play significant roles in cancer development. Inactivating the function of any of these tumor- suppressing genes led to a key step in cancer development called anchorage-independent growth, meaning cells piled up on top of each other rather than aligning neatly.According to previous studies, there were 151 candidate genes and that mutations in just eight to 15 of them would lead to cancer. There were 700 other genes classified as passenger genes whose mutations were incidental to cancer growth.Current cancer treatments target just one or two known cancer- driver genes. While patients may get transient tumor burden reduction, almost universally tumor growth returns."Those numbers are dead wrong," Dr. Shay said, suggesting a new approach to colon cancer treatments targeting multiple genes and pathways simultaneously.The next step is further research to classify more accurately which genes drive cancer and which are merely passengers, the researchers said.Study findings were published in the July 2011 Cancer Research (Priority Reports).

SAN FRANCISCO, June 20 (Xinhua) -- Google and the British Library announced Monday that the Internet search giant will digitize 250,000 out-of-copyright books from the library's collections, making up to 40 million pages from 1700 to 1870 available to the public online.In a joint statement, the British Library and Google said they will work in partnership over the coming years to deliver the content free through Google Books and the library's website, and full text search, download and reading will be available. Google will cover all digitization costs.The project is going to cover a huge range of printed books, pamphlets and periodicals dated 1700 to 1870, a period of political and technological turmoil, from the Industrial Revolution to the French Revolution, from the introduction of the income tax in Britain and the invention of the telegraph and railway.It will include material in a variety of major European languages and will focus on books that are not yet freely available in digital form online, said the statement.Since December 2004, Google has announced partnership with some 40 high-profile university and public libraries, planning to digitize and make available some 15 million volumes within a decade through Google Books service.The project has triggered controversy as publisher and author associations oppose the plan to put copyrighted titles online in a class action lawsuit.

BERLIN, June 14 (Xinhua) -- A two-year-old boy became the first child to be killed by the deadly E. coli in Germany on Tuesday, officials said.To date, the terrifying EHEC infection has claimed 36 lives in Germany and one in Sweden.The child, from the northern town of Celle, died in hospital in Hanover of kidney failure and abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, two extreme symptoms of the infection with enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), authorities in the state of Lower Saxony said.The boy became the youngest known fatal victim since the outbreak of E. coli in May. His father and 10-year-old brother were also infected with the deadly bacteria, but are recovering, doctors told a local newspaper.The Robert Koch Institute, Germany's national disease prevention and control agency, said on Tuesday that a total of 3, 235 cases had been reported in the country. Among them, 782 people are suffering from haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), a life- threatening illness arising from E. coli, which would destroy human kidney and nervous system.The institute added that the number of new infections is declining sharply in recent days, with only seven reported on Tuesday.German authorities announced on Friday that bean sprouts from a farm in northern Germany were one source of the outbreak, and dropped the previous warning against eating raw cucumbers, tomatoes and lettuce. However, the food panic has caused losses worth hundreds of millions of dollars for European farmers.

BEIJING, Sep. 13 (Xinhuanet) --Experts have called for a national drug-control system after a nationwide deficit of a life-saving drug, which has lasted at least three months.Doctors at a Beijing hospital said some specialized hospitals, which perform hundreds of cardiac operations every month, have been paralyzed by their lack of protamine sulfate, which is commonly administered after heart surgery to reverse the anticoagulant effects of heparin.The earliest report of a shortage was in Hubei province on July 21. This was followed by reports of shortages in Guangdong, Shandong and Liaoning provinces.The Shandong newspaper, Qilu Evening News, quoted a regional sales manager, surnamed Zhuang, as saying the province had been allocated 150 doses of protamine sulfate after Shanghai No 1 Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Co Ltd recently resumed production of the drug."But its monthly use here is usually 10,000 doses," he said.The Ministry of Health has denied it is responsible for supplies of the drug and passed the buck to the State Food and Drug Administration, claiming the latter is responsible for the supervision of medicines.Shen Chen, head of the publicity office of the State Food and Drug Administration, said he was unaware of the shortage, but said the administration is responsible for the quality of medicines, not the supply."Development and reform authorities oversee the medicines' prices, while the industrial and commercial authorities oversee the storage. The food and drug departments only cover the approval and quality of medicines."Industry insiders said one of the reasons for the shortage was the low profit margin, which discourages companies from mass producing the drug."Some companies can't earn enough to recover their costs, therefore it is almost impossible to maintain their enthusiasm for continuing production," said Lu Guoping, secretary-general of the Shanghai Pharmaceutical Trade Association.Lu said the government should issue policies to prevent future shortages of such medicines to avoid possible nationwide public health incidents.Yi Shenghua, a lawyer at Beijing Yingke Law Firm, said the country should have a unified system to guarantee the normal supply of medicines that are widely used and drug manufacturers should fulfill their responsibilities to society, even though there is no law stipulating they should produce specific medicines.He came up with two ways to deal with the problem of companies only producing profitable drugs."The government can order businesses to manufacture a certain amount of cheap medicines. Or it can offer financial assistance to subsidize cheap, but life-saving medicines."

来源：资阳报