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While scientists work to come up with a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, doctors across the country are watching closely. Many are helping guide their patients in making an informed decision about getting a vaccine."This was indeed a surprise to see that there would vaccines available by the 1st of November. It’s clearly an aspirational goal, because we all would like to see a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine as soon as possible, but I think testing vaccines to make sure they’re safe and effective is of paramount importance," said Dr. Bali Pulendran, a microbiology and immunology professor at Stanford University.Dr. Pulendran says the process of developing a vaccine involves numerous steps, and scientists are getting closer to the end. Still, it's hard to put an end date on the third and final phase of a vaccine trial. This last phase determines whether the vaccine actually works."The way in which you can assess whether a vaccine works is to see how many of these people acquire the disease or become infected with COVID at some period of time," explained Dr. Pulendran.Phase three divides the trial participants into two groups. One group is given the vaccine, and the other is given a placebo."And then, you calculate the efficacy based on those numbers. So, if there were 200 people affected in the placebo group but there were only 100 people who were infected in the vaccinated group, then the efficacy is 50 percent" said Dr. Pulendran.The third phase is hard to time, as it depends on how quickly some of the trial participants become infected. If they live in areas where COVID-19 infection rates are higher, the phase will be completed faster.But there are some other ways to speed up the vaccine trial.Dr. Darria Long, an emergency room physician and clinical assistant professor at the University of Tennessee-Erlanger, says one way is by doing two of the phases at the same time. Another way is if officials prepare for the manufacturing and logistics side of producing the vaccine during the third phase of the trial."This is what we see the CDC saying is to get ready on the manufacturing and logistics side because even if you come up with the perfect target drug, making sure you can manufacture hundreds of millions and that you have the little glass vials that can keep it at the right temperature, those are all things that can be hang-ups,” said Dr. Long. “So, they're wanting to expedite that process, because the last thing you want is to say is we have the vaccine, but we can’t get it to people.”Dr. Long is already answering her patients' questions as news of a possible COVID-19 vaccine continues to be publicized."I do think a lot of people are wondering about this vaccine and it runs the gamut. There are those that say they really want the vaccine because they see it as this gateway to getting back to life as we know it," said Dr. Long.There are also those who are really concerned about the efficacy and safety of a COVID-19 vaccine. Doctors say a key piece in evaluating a vaccine when it does come out is the data surrounding it."The data that comes out in the public domain: is a particular vaccine efficacious? How effective is it what is the efficacy data? Is a particular vaccine safe? What are the side reactions? And they should talk with their physicians to ask each question. Ask doctors, ‘Could you tell me what the safety part of this vaccine is?" recommended Dr. Pulendran.And above all, doctors and scientists hope politics will stay out of the development of a COVID-19 vaccine in order to ease any concerns or hopes for a vaccine to be available as soon as possible. 3644

White House press secretary Sarah Sanders on Tuesday defended President Donald Trump's silence on allegations leveled against him by porn star Stormy Daniels, maintaining that while the President is a "counter-puncher," he doesn't necessarily punch back at every story.Daniels, whose legal name is Stephanie Clifford, has saturated the news in recent days, after Anderson Cooper interviewed her over her alleged affair with Trump on CBS' "60 Minutes." Trump so far declined to respond to her on Twitter or otherwise, a rarity for a President who rarely holds back.Sanders said even though she has previously described Trump as a "counter-puncher," she didn't say he "punches back on every single topic.""If he did he would probably be addressing a lot of the stories that most of you write every single minute of every single day," Sanders told reporters. "He also has a country to run. And he is doing a great job with that. ... Sometimes he chooses to specifically engage and punch back and sometimes he doesn't."Trump's terse Twitter persona has targeted everyone from Rosie O'Donnell and the cast of Hamilton to his political enemies and one-time friends. But the President has been advised that lashing out on the Daniels story will only make it worse, a tact he is also taking with Karen McDougal, a former Playboy model who recently recounted in a CNN interview the details of what she alleges was a lengthy affair with the then-businessman.Trump has denied both women's claims.Daniels, in her interview with 60 Minutes, alleged that shortly after she tried to sell her story about her alleged affair with the now-President, a man approached her in the parking lot of a fitness center."And a guy walked up on me and said to me, 'Leave Trump alone. Forget the story,' " Daniels said. "And then he leaned around and looked at my daughter and said, 'That's a beautiful little girl. It'd be a shame if something happened to her mom.' And then he was gone."Daniels, as part of a hush agreement, was paid 0,000 by Trump's longtime personal lawyer Michael Cohen days before the 2016 election. Daniels said she was risking a million fine for potentially violating her nondisclosure agreement "because it was very important to me to be able to defend myself."Sanders once again denied the allegations leveled by Daniels, but declined to get into the details of the porn star's allegations or the payoff she received."That is a question you would have to ask the President's attorney," Sanders said. "I certainly cannot speak for him. I can only speak on behalf of the White House."Pushed on the matter, Sanders stood her ground and declined to comment."The President has denied the allegations," Sanders said. "Anything beyond that I would refer you to the outside counsel and his attorney." 2823

While Democrats are projected to take control of the US House, the party hoped that a blue wave would include winning a number of major gubernatorial seats. But in two larger states, Republican candidates hung on and won in Florida and Ohio. This came as some polls showed Democrats leading in those states heading into Tuesday's Election Day. In Florida, Republican Ron DeSantis held off Andrew Gillum, the Democrat who is the mayor of Tallahassee. DeSantis held a 1-percent advantage with more than 99 percent reporting. In Ohio, Republican state Attorneys General Mike DeWine defeated Democrat Richard Cordray. Cordray was previously appointed to the Consumer Protection Finance Board by President Barack Obama. DeWine had previously defeated Cordray in 2010 for the state's AG position. In a fierce battle in Georgia, Democrat Stacey Abrams said she is vowing to continue her fight despite trailing Republican Brian Kemp by a 51 to 48 margin late on Tuesday. The only county with outstanding votes remaining is the Democratic stronghold of Fulton County, which includes the city of Atlanta. If Kemp falls below the 50-percent threshold, the race will go to a runoff. Kemp has come under fire from Abrams' campaign for administering the election as secretary of state while running for governor. Abrams' campaign added that they expect that there are still nearly 45,000 uncounted votes in Democratic-leaning counties from paper ballots.In Iowa, Republican Kim Reynolds, who was previously the lieutenant governor of the state, defeated Democrat Fred Hubbell in a tight race. Although the results were disappointing for Democrats in Florida in Ohio, the Democrats have turned over at least four governor's seats on Tuesday. In Kansas, Democrat Laura Kelly is projected to win the seat there. Congresswoman Michelle Lujan Grisham was elected to New Mexico's governor seat. J.B. Pritzker, a first-time candidate and venture capitalist, won the governor's seat in Illinois. Former Michigan state senator and prosecutor Gretchen Whitmer was elected as the governor of Michigan.  2185

With coronavirus cases ramping up in a number of US states, more and more US governors have issued mandates to wear masks while in public settings.The continued spike in COVID-19 cases has caused several states to close bars and pause plans to reopen some businesses such as movie theaters.While a number of states had previously mandated masks in many public spaces, several more have been added to the list in recent days. Requiring face coverings are largely being seen as a way to avoid reinstituting stay-at-home orders, which most states implemented during the spring.Researchers from the University of Washington say that a projected 33,000 American lives would be saved between June 23 and October 1 if 95% of the population wore masks in public settings.A study in the Lancet found that the use of masks and respirators by those infected with the virus reduced the risk of spreading the infection by 85%. The authors analyzed data that showed that N95 respirators in healthcare settings were up to 96% effective. Other masks were found to be 77% effective.The following states generally require face coverings to be worn in public:Alabama - July 16Arkansas - July 16California – June 18Colorado - July 17Connecticut – April 20Delaware – May 1District of Columbia – May 16Hawaii - April 17Illinois – April 30Indiana - July 27Kansas - July 3Kentucky - July 10Louisiana - July 13Maine – April 29Maryland – April 18Massachusetts – May 6Michigan - April 24Minnesota - July 25Montana - July 16Nevada – June 24New Jersey - April 10New Mexico – May 15New York – April 15North Carolina – June 26Ohio - July 23Oregon - July 1Pennsylvania – April 18Puerto Rico Rhode Island – May 8Texas - July 2Vermont - August 1Virginia - June 8Washington - June 26West Virginia - July 7Some states, like Ohio and Texas, require mask wearing only in counties where there are high coronavirus case rates. More than a dozen other states have issued recommendations for wearing masks. Some of those states require employees in certain fields to wear a mask while at work. 2059

When a Liberty Helicopters chopper plunged into the frigid East River on Sunday night, onlookers were stunned. But it was actually the third time in 11 years one of the company's helicopters crashed in New York.The latest accident killed all five passengers on board. The pilot, who managed to free himself, was the sole survivor.Liberty Helicopters describes itself as "the largest and most experienced helicopter sightseeing and charter service in New York City," with a fleet of 10 Airbus helicopters. But it hasn't said much about the latest crash, deferring to federal authorities.  600

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