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WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

New York, Sept. 23 (Xinhua) -- A Chinese scientist was presented a prestigious U.S. award on Friday for the discovery of artemisinin, a drug therapy for malaria that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world.Pharmacologist Tu Youyou, 81, became the first scientist on the Chinese mainland to win Lasker Award, known as "America's Nobels" for their knack of gaining future recognition by the Nobel committee.Tu, a scientist at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing, pioneered a new approach to malaria treatment that has benefited hundreds of millions of people and promises to benefit many times more. By applying modern techniques and rigor to a heritage provided by 5000 years of Chinese traditional practitioners, she has delivered its riches into the 21st century."Not often in the history of clinical medicine can we celebrate a discovery that has eased the pain and distress of hundreds of millions of people and saved the lives of countless numbers of people, particularly children, in over 100 countries," Lucy Shapiro, a member of the award jury and professor of Stanford University, said while describing Tu' s discovery.Shapiro said the discovery, chemical identification, and validation of artemisinin, a highly effective anti-malarial drug, is largely due to the "scientific insight, vision and dogged determination" of Professor Tu and her team. She thought Professor Tu's work has provided the world with arguably the most important pharmaceutical intervention in the last half century."The discovery of artemisinin is a gift to mankind from traditional Chinese medicine," Tu said while receiving the award. "Continuous exploration and development of traditional medicine will, without doubt, bring more medicines to the world."

BEIJING, Aug. 27 (Xinhua) -- Heavy rain battered several east China provinces Saturday, destroying homes and farmlands, while drought persisted in some of the country's arid central and southwestern regions.On Friday and Saturday, five counties in Anhui Province were hit by downpour, the provincial meteorological bureau said.It said 23 towns reported over 200 mm of rainfall in the 24 hours from 8 a.m. Friday to 8 a.m. Saturday. In some villages of Huaiyuan County, the precipitation topped 300 mm, about one third of the annual average volume.In Fengtai County alone, 2,048 people were stranded by rain-triggered flood. As of 9 p.m. Saturday, about 800 of them were still waiting for evacuation.Incomplete statistics provided by the provincial government said 280 houses toppled in the rain disaster and another 580 homes were damaged. About 54,800 hectares of cropland was drowned by rain and flood.The direct economic loss was estimated at 240 million yuan (37.6 million U.S. dollars), the provincial government said Saturday night.The provincial weather bureau forecast heavy rain will continue in most parts of Anhui in the coming three days.Heavy rain also wreaked havoc in seven cities and counties of the eastern Shandong Province, causing 230 million yuan of direct economic losses.Torrential rain that lasted more than 24 hours from Friday to Saturday afternoon forced evacuation of nearly 2,000 people in parts of Zaozhuang, Liaocheng and Linyi cities, the provincial civil affairs department said.It said nearly 500 homes toppled and more than 800 others were damaged.China Meteorological Administration has forecast heavy rain in the coming three days in Anhui, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangxi provinces and parts of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the coming two to three days.Little rain has been predicted, however, for the drought-hit provinces in central and southwestern China, the administration said on its website.While the predicted rainfall for Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Hunan and Guangxi averages only 2 to 8 mm in four days from Aug. 28 to 31, it said the high temperature in these areas will still hover over 35 degrees Celsius.Affected by the approaching Typhoon Nanmadol, the coastal areas of Guangdong Province will experience high tides Sunday, but the scorching weather will stay next week, the provincial weather bureau said.The high temperature in most parts of the province has topped 35 degrees Celsius.

WARSAW, June 7 (Xinhua) -- Another patient suspected of Escherichia coli was admitted to hospital in Gizycko, northeastern Poland, on Tuesday, local media reported.On Monday Poland's first E. coli infection case was confirmed by tests conducted by the National Institute of Hygiene.Poland's first E. coli patient, a 29-year-old woman permanently residing in Germany and diagnosed with the bacteria, has been receiving treatment in a hospital in Szczecin in northwestern Poland for over two weeks.Two men suspected of E. coli have been hospitalized in Szczecin. They both had returned from Germany shortly before they fell ill. Another man suspected of E. coli was hospitalized in Ostroleka in central Poland also returned from Germany.A boy with haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS), a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia caused by the E.coli patogenic bacteria, has been hospitalized in a Warsaw hospital.The E. coli epidemic originated in Germany. The Robert Koch Institute said the number of registered infections in Germany rose to 2,325 Tuesday, with those in other European countries still standing at about 100. The outbreak has killed a total of 23 people across Europe in the past month.