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With hurricane season in full swing, there's a lot of talk from meteorologists about hurricane "categories." What do they mean, and what do they tell us about a storm?It turns out, a hurricane's category is only based on one thing: wind speed.According to the National Hurricane Center's website, the agency relies on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale to determine a storm's strength. The scale categorizes a hurricane on a 1-5 scale, based on the storm's maximum sustained winds — the one-minute average of the wind speed taken from inside the storm.When storms over the Atlantic begin to organized into a rotating system around a central "eye," and sustained wind speeds in the storm reach 39 mph, it's classified as a tropical storm. Once wind speeds in the system reach 74 mph, it becomes a hurricane.From there, the NHC uses the Saffir-Simpson Scale to determine how much destruction a hurricane is expected to inflict on an area. While any hurricane is expected to cause damage to homes and topple some trees in its path, higher wind speeds can lead to trees blocking roads and downing power lines, isolating communities without power or access to water for weeks — or even months.STRENGTHMAX SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDDESTRUCTION CATEGORY 1Between 74 mph and 95 mphWell-constructed houses could have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap and shallowly-rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that could last a few to several days. CATEGORY 2Between 96 mph and 110 mphHouses could sustain major roof and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block roads. Near-total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks. CATEGORY 3 (major)Between 111 mph and 129 mphHouses may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends. Many trees — regardless of root depth — will be snapped or uprooted, blocking roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes.CATEGORY 4 (major)Between 130 mph and 156 mphHouses can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and possibly some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles will topple. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months.CATEGORY 5 (major)Above 157 mphA high percentage of framed houses will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months.Any hurricane that reaches Category 3, with sustained winds above 111 mph, is considered a "major" hurricane. According to the NHC, that's because "of their potential for significant loss of life and damage." But that doesn't mean Category 1 and 2 hurricanes can't be deadly.The NHC itself says that Category 1 and 2 hurricanes are "still dangerous" and "require preventative measures."While Hurricane Sandy peaked at Category 3 intensity when it made landfall in Cuba in 2012, it had collapsed into a post-tropical cyclone by the time it reached New Jersey on Oct. 29. Even though the storm only had Category 1 strength winds, it still resulted in the deaths of 131 people in America, according to media reports, and an estimated billion in damages — the second-costliest hurricane in U.S. history up to that point.The Saffir-Simpson Scale also doesn't take into account storm surge in coastal areas and flash flooding caused by the surge and heavy rain. Flooding can cause significant property damage and make main roads — including expressways — inaccessible. 3864
When 13-year-old Hania Aguilar?is laid to rest in North Carolina on Saturday her father will be nearly 3,000 miles away.The US State Department has denied a temporary visa for Noé Aguilar to travel from Guatemala to attend services for his teenage daughter, according to the father's attorney."I had hoped they would find it in their hearts to let me be there for my daughter's funeral," Aguilar told CNN in a brief phone interview Friday."It's very sad. She was my princess. She will always be my princess."Immigration attorney Naimeh Salem said US embassy officials in Guatemala denied the temporary visa on grounds that Aguilar "didn't have enough ties to his home country, Guatemala.""That is not true," she said. "He has family there and his own business." 774

What do you do when (not if) one of those cheap, vertical, plastic Venetian blinds breaks?One Lakewood man had the idea to upcycle his excessively long CVS receipt, and his tweet about it has gone viral with over 157,000 likes and 36,000 retweets.On Monday, @andrewnolan2 tweeted a picture of the improvised sun-blocking device, throwing some literal shade at the pharmacy known for its lengthy transactional records. 425
With a second surge in COVID-19 cases underway, a family from the Midwest is sharing their harrowing story about surviving the coronavirus illness.A father, mother and son were all on ventilators, on life-support at one point.Chuck Drungelo was the first to feel sick right after Easter. He stayed home from work but his family, including his 81-year-old mother-in-law, all eventually landed in the hospital with the virus.“They said it looks like you have COVID pneumonia, so by Monday I was in the hospital and I gave it to my whole family,” said the dad.“How could this happen? How could all four members of their family get this? And it just shows you how contagious it is,” said Raeann Shedd, Drungelo’s sister.Chuck got the sickest. The ventilator wasn't enough. He was moved to an ECMO machine, which is life-support for the lungs and heart, for 19 days. He eventually got virus antibody plasma treatment that helped him turn a corner.“You can still hear my trachea. I got a hole from the feeding tube,” said Drungelo.Drungelo’s sister and his sister-in-law ended up having to make all the medical decisions while they were incapacitated. He was finally able to come home from a rehabilitation facility July 1.“It’s awful because your family is struggling, and you can’t be there for them. You can’t go to the hospital. You can’t hold their hand and talk to the doctor and look them in the eye. People think it’s their right to not wear a mask. I guess in a way it is, but we should do everything we can to save each other,” said Shedd.“My wife said the other day, if you don’t like wearing a mask, you’re not going to like wearing a ventilator,” said DrungeloAs you can imagine the family is facing a massive amount of medical bills. They have a GoFundMe page for those who would like to help. 1809
Wildfires continue to rip through the Western United States, destroying homes, businesses, and parks.“We know that they can get exponentially large very quickly,” James Marugg, division chief for San Miguel Fire and Rescue in California, said.Those on the front lines like Marugg say each year, the blazes seem to get more destructive.“Prevention is key and it’s defensible space, and the extra few minutes that defensible space gives us to be able to set up a perimeter, be able to get in and make the difference for someone's home," Marugg said.Defensible space is the area closest to a building, which is cleared of vegetation to help slow the spread of the flames.“Defensible space equals time,” Marugg said. Now, firefighters out west are getting some much-needed assistance in getting rid of some of that vegetation, from a team that’s hungry to help."Fifteen years ago, I’d say people need to wake up,” said Johnny Gonzales, the field operations manager for Environmental Land Management.Gonzales showed us a herd of almost 300 goats. It's not a petting zoo, but a work zone. “I see it as a work zone,” he said. “They’re coming in here and eating what we consider flash fuels. And that's basically broadleaf weeds, grasses, brush.”It's all that stuff you can see in between the trees in a field. The difference between before and after is noticeable.“Our goal is to bring back nature into the equation of fire control,” Gonzales said. “We’re not raising these goats to go to the market. These goats are true urban foresters if you will.”Hundreds of goats, right near the road and adjacent to homes.“Goats, depending on the time of year, can eat about 7 to 12 percent of their body weight,” Gonzales said. On this current project next to Cuyamaca College, the goats are getting through about an acre a day.“Our college actually sits on 165 acres of wildlife, and yet, you can see it’s completely overgrown. There’s non-native dry brush, and just a few weeks ago before the goats were here, we actually had a fire on campus,” Nicole Salgado, interim vice president of administrative services at Cuyamaca College, explained. “It poses a risk not only to our college but the surrounding community.”Hiring the goats just made sense for them, cost-wise.“To have the goats here, it’s 30 percent less than that of a human crew,” Salgado said.“You're as safe as your neighbor, and then it turns into you’re as safe as the block and your community. We’re now a whole state that's in need of fire fuel mitigation,” Gonzales explained.It helps out firefighters when it comes time to put out flames. Less dry brush means slower spread of flames.“You harden your house to keep a burglar from coming in, you need to do the same with wildfire. You need to look at it and think what are my vulnerabilities,” Marugg said.There’s also another trend he said is impacting the number of homes we lose to fire.“There’s more houses in the woodland area and we have to respond to them quicker, otherwise we lose more homes,” Marugg said.“Each year, the limits for the development lines still get higher and higher. More homes are being built in the mountains, Essam Heggy, a research scientist at the University of Southern California, said.“Our visual understanding of the environment we’ve been living in, in many places have been [associated] to the malls we visit and not to the environment that’s surrounding us. This disbelief in the complexity of our environment is the main driver of these hazards."As we near the end of wildfire season, Gonzales and his herders continue to clear up the spaces they can year-round, in a sustainable way.“I see this in the future becoming as common as trash pick up,” Gonzales said. “They really may be historically, and in the future, one of the greatest things of all time for fire fuel mitigation.” 3832
来源:资阳报