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WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (Xinhua) -- A new study examining weather patterns around the worldwide pandemics of influenza, which caused widespread death and illness in 1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009, finds that each of them was preceded by La Nina conditions in the equatorial Pacific. The study findings are published online Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.The study's authors -- Jeffrey Shaman of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and Marc Lipsitch of the Harvard School of Public Health -- note that the La Nina pattern is known to alter the migratory patterns of birds, which are thought to be a primary reservoir of human influenza. The scientists theorize that altered migration patterns promote the development of dangerous new strains of influenza.To examine the relationship between weather patterns and influenza pandemics, the researchers studied records of ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific in the fall and winter before the four most recent flu pandemics emerged. They found that all four pandemics were preceded by below-normal sea surface temperatures -- consistent with the La Nina phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation.The authors cite other research showing that the La Nina pattern alters the migration, stopover time, fitness and interspecies mixing of migratory birds. These conditions could favor the kind of gene swapping or genetic reassortment that creates novel and therefore potentially more variations of the influenza virus."We know that pandemics arise from dramatic changes in the influenza genome. Our hypothesis is that La Nina sets the stage for these changes by reshuffling the mixing patterns of migratory birds, which are a major reservoir for influenza," says Shaman.Changes in migration not only alter the pattern of contact among bird species, they could also change the ways that birds come into contact with domestic animals like pigs. Gene-swapping between avian and pig influenza viruses was a factor in the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

ADDIS ABABA, Oct. 22 (Xinhua) -- China on Saturday delivered portion of the first batch of emergency food assistance to Ethiopia.Wei Hongtian, Charge d'Affairs at the Chinese Embassy in Ethiopia, handed over the assistance certificate to Wondirad Mandefro, Ethiopian State Minster of Agriculture, in a ceremony held at the Office of the Ethiopian Disaster Risk Management Food Security Sector (DRMFSS) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.The handover was witnessed by Ahmed Shide, Ethiopian State Minister of Finance and Economic Development, and Qian Zhaogang, Economic Counselor at the Chinese Embassy in Ethiopia as well as officials and diplomats from the two countries.The charge d'affairs said the Chinese government has decided to provide Ethiopia with two batches of gratis emergency food aid valued at some 24 million U.S. dollars, as part of humanitarian assistance to the people affected by drought in the Horn of Africa region, about which the international community is concerned much.Months ago, China pledged to provide humanitarian aid to drought affected people in Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti.The 2011 drought in the Horn of Africa region has affected livelihoods of over 12 million people in countries of the region including Ethiopia.In this move, China has delivered large quantities of wheat to Ethiopia, and it is put in the central warehouse in Adama town, 90 km away from Addis Ababa, as the first batch of the 8,139.4 tons of wheat and 715.15 tons of rice donated by the government of China, said Ethiopian State Minister of Agriculture.According to the minister, the Chinese government has pledged around 20,000 tons of emergency food valued at 24 million dollars.Wei said China attaches great importance to the agriculture development and the food security in Africa. He said China has engaged itself in various agricultural cooperations with African countries including Ethiopia, in different channels."In the future, besides food assistance, China's agricultural cooperation with Africa will focus on technology demonstration, personnel training, infrastructure construction, promotion of agricultural production and trade, and experience sharing agriculture development," said the Charge d'Affairs.The rest portion and the other batch of the emergency food assistance pledged by China is expected to come in November and December.Wei assured that the rest batches of emergency food aid would come to Ethiopia on schedule. The Ethiopian state minister said the Chinese government is one of those donors that demonstrated its strong friendship with the Ethiopian government and its people by extending appreciable humanitarian support at critical time."The recent donation of 100, 000 U. S. dollars by a Chinese private company, Huajin Group Ltd, for food aid is a manifestation that even private companies join us in our efforts to containing problems associated with such natural disasters," said Wondirad."Despite a steady economic growth achieved these past eight years in Ethiopia that reached an average of 11 percent annually and our continued efforts to maintain and accelerate the momentum through the GTP, we are confronted by climate change induced disasters, of which drought remains the major one," said the minister."While reducing disaster risk and vulnerabilities through development interventions, the government of Ethiopia in collaboration with its partners is taking all the necessary measures towards further enhancing its early warning and response system with the view to reducing potential impacts of disasters, including that of drought enhanced preparedness and provision of timely and appropriate responses."The government of the People's Republic of China has been one of our major development partners supporting us in all these efforts," he added.The state minister commended the Chinese government and its people for standing with Ethiopia shoulder to shoulder at the critical time by donating appreciable size of emergency food aid.

KUNMING, Dec. 11 (Xinhua) -- By moonlight, Ma Yuanqiong, a grassroots AIDS prevention practitioner, and her colleagues slipped into a large community of migrant workers in the city of Jinghong in southwest Yunnan province.As usual, they were greeted tepidly. A dozen sex workers living in the community came to obtain free condoms and brochures on AIDS prevention and quickly dispersed."We visit these women every week. They are familiar with us, but rarely talk about themselves," said Ma, who is in charge of an AIDS prevention program targeting sex workers in Jinghong. The program was initiated by Fuhua International, a local NGO.Sex workers are highly sensitive and vigilant due to safety concerns, since sexual services are illegal in China, Ma said. They have become harder to find since local police started a persistent crackdown on prostitution two years ago and drove many sex workers underground, she said.INACCESSIBILITY IMPEDES EFFORTSJinghong is located in Xishuangbannan Dai autonomous prefecture. Bordering Laos and Myanmar, it's a famous tourist city where the underground sex industry thrives.The AIDS prevention program, which began in 2006, is aimed at improving sex workers' awareness of the epidemic -- which is primarily sexually transmitted -- and prompting them to change risky behavior.In the beginning, program workers quickly realized they faced a significant challenge. "We were often rejected, or even threatened when trying to get in touch with the sex workers at first," Ma said.But the practitioners persisted, approaching nonjudgmentally and treating them as friends, and eventually their efforts began to pay off.During the past five years, the program has provided free condoms and AIDS consulting services to more than 400 sex workers aged 14 to 58 and from many parts of the country, according to Ma.The program has even helped several sex workers give up the business and pursue legitimate careers.However, the organization currently only keeps in touch with about 100 sex workers and has found it more difficult to reach more.The police crackdown has made the sex workers, especially low-paid street hookers, more mobile and less visible, and Ma pointed out that low-paid sex workers are in greater need for outreach as they are more vulnerable to HIV infection than their their higher-paid counterparts."Low-level sex workers are at a heightened risk, as they and their clients, mainly migrant workers and the elderly, all have insufficient knowledge of the disease," she said.According to statistics provided by the provincial disease control and prevention center (CDC) of Yunnan, about 1.6 percent of sex workers in Yunnan have contracted HIV, while the ratio among the low-level group is 3 percent.By the end of October, Yunnan reported 93,567 HIV carriers and AIDS patients, the most among all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities."We conducted a survey in Jinghong and neighboring Menghai County at the end of 2008 and found that low-level sex workers almost never used condoms then," said Kang Jun, head of the HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment office in Xishuangbanna.The survey also found that the low-level sex workers only charged about 20 yuan (3.2 U.S. dollars) for each service, and every day they received 16 clients on average, according to Kang.Ahead of the police crackdown, Kang and his colleagues had provided HIV testing services for more than 30 low-level sex workers, and the results showed that two of them had been infected by the virus."The testing work was forced to halt as the crackdown began soon and we could hardly find them," Kang said.The good news, he said, was that the local CDC will launch a four-year investigation on sex workers in Xishuangbanna next January as part of a massive state-funded research project.

XIAMEN, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) -- The three-decade achievements of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone have shown that China has made the right decision to set up special economic zones (SEZs), President Hu Jintao said Monday.Hu made the remarks in a congratulatory letter to a gala held Monday in southeastern Fujian province's city of Xiamen, which is celebrating the 30th founding anniversary of its special economic zone.Over the past 30 years, the Xiamen Special Economic Zone has made marked socio-economic progress, made significant changes in people's lives, and served as a pilot area for the country's reform and opening-up and socialist modernization, Hu said.The Xiamen Special Economic Zone has made a unique contribution to promoting cross-Strait economic and trade cooperation as well as culture and personnel exchanges, Hu said in the letter.Hu also urged the economic zone to further enhance the capability of independent innovation, ensure and improve people's well being, strengthen and make innovations in social management, and better serve the peaceful development of the cross-Strait relationship.He Guoqiang, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, attended and addressed the gala.In his speech, He said the economic zone should develop high-end manufacturing business and a modern service industry, while speeding up the establishment of a market-oriented technology innovation system that integrates production with scientific research.The economic zone needs to make greater efforts in energy saving and emissions reduction as well as environmental protection by greatly developing a green and recycling-based economy, according to He.He also said that the economic zone should exert itself to increase the income of rural and urban residents, especially low-income residents, and meet people's basic requirements in terms of education and culture, employment, medical services and housing."Reasonable appeals of the people should be addressed, and behavior that undermines people's interests should be resolutely rectified," He said.In addition, He expects the Xiamen Special Economic Zone to thoroughly implement the cross-Strait Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) and further explore and enhance cooperation in finance and logistics with Taiwan, He said.The economic zone should also strengthen the development of direct flights, customs clearance and ports in order to facilitate direct exchanges across the Taiwan Strait, according to He.He also met with representatives of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents and overseas Chinese, who attended the gala.He said people from all walks of life in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan have long been active in investing, financing education and alleviating poverty in Fujian.They have not only shared the opportunities that the country's reform and development have brought forth and expanded their own enterprises, but also greatly boosted the country's socio-economic progress, He said."You are witnesses, participants and beneficiaries of the reform and opening up," He said to these representatives.The Xiamen Special Economic Zone is one of the four earliest SEZs set up after China initiated the reform and opening up in 1978. In 1984, it was expanded from the initial 2.5 square kilometers to 131 square kilometers. Last year, it was extended to span the entire city.

BEIJING, Oct. 21 (Xinhua) -- China's State Councilon Thursday called ordered improved, innovative administration in environmental protection, according to a statement.In a statement published on the central government's website, the State Council listed a series of guidelines on environment-related issues, saying that it will step efforts to address prominent environmental problems that affect people's lives and sustainable development.The statement ordered strictly implementing environmental impact assessment, vigoroulsy developing environmental protection industry, and ensuring nuclear and radioactive safety.It called for implementing economic policies beneficial to environmental protection.The statement also ordered local governments at all levels to attach more importance to environmental protection, noting ecological conditions should be considered in evaluating the performance of local leaders.