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CANBERRA, Aug. 17 (Xinhua) -- Australian scientist on Wednesday said his international research team has discovered the trick on how butterfly learn to change its wing pattern to avoid being eaten by birds.The Amazonian butterfly, Heliconius numata, has learnt to carry out a single genetic switch to alter its wing pattern so it appears to be another bad-tasting butterfly that birds will avoid.Dr. Siu Fai (Ronald) Lee from the Department of Genetics and Bio21 Institute at Australia's University of Melbourne was part of the international research team, which was led by scientists at Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the University of Exeter in United Kingdom.Dr. Lee said the historical mystery had puzzled researchers for decades."Charles Darwin was puzzled by how butterflies evolved such similar patterns of warning coloration," Dr. Siu Fai (Ronald) Lee from the Department of Genetics and Bio21 Institute at the University of Melbourne told Western Australia Today."We have now solved this mystery, identifying the region of chromosome responsible for changing wing pattern."He said the research team identified a genetic switch known as a supergene, which allowed the butterfly to morph into several different forms, allowing one species to mimic another."It is amazing that by changing just one small region of the chromosomes, the butterfly is able to fool its predators by mimicking a range of different butterflies that taste bad," he said."The butterflies rearrange this supergene DNA like a small pack of cards, and the result is new wing patterns. It means that butterflies look completely different but have the same DNA."There are other butterflies doing similar tricks, but this is the most elegant one."I was just fascinated by how elegant they were."He said the discovery proves that small chromosomal changes can preserve successful gene combinations, and thus help a species to adapt.The findings of the study are published on August 14 in the international journal Nature.

VIENNA, Sept. 22 (Xinhua) -- Climate change and rising temperature in the long term can lead to water shortages in the Alps region, international experts warned Thursday at the Water-Scarce Final Conference in the Austrian eastern city Graz.The Alpine region originally is rich in water resources due to a large number of glaciers, spring and abundant rainfall either in summer or winter. But global warming may change this situation which has been shown in the past years that the water reserve has reduced gradually due to climate change, warned the experts.Observation data have shown a significant decrease of 25 percent in groundwater recharge in the past 100 years which has also resulted in the reduction of mountain spring.Director of the Provincial Department of Water Resources of Styria Johann Wiedner point out, in 2003, droughts occurred in the eastern part of the Alps, including the state of Styria and water shortages were also found in other regions of the Alps. He said the phenomenon was giving a warning that people "have to do something."To this end, the European Union begun a project called "Alp Water Scarce" three years ago to observe water reserves, air temperature, water temperature and water table in this region and study the relationships among them.Wiedner also admitted that there is no shortage of water at least in the short term and water supply for the local residents is totally insured.

LOS ANGELES, May 30 (Xinhua) -- The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) warned on Monday that children should keep away from energy drinks which may be dangerous for minors.The AAP urged young children and teens to avoid energy drinks entirely, saying routine consumption of sports drinks should be limited or eliminated.Energy drinks include such popular brands as Red Bull, AMP and Rockstar, the AAP said in a report.These drinks, the report said, tend to be heavily caffeinated, potentially having several times the level of caffeine found in a cup of coffee.In addition, manufacturers often add sugar and herbal stimulants such as guarana and taurine to the drinks, which are popular among kids, according to the report."There's no place for energy drinks for kids," said report co-author Dr. Marcie Beth Schneider, an adolescent physician in Greenwich, Connecticut. "There's a place for sports drinks, but that place is very specific."The caffeine in energy drinks can lead to high blood pressure, high heart rate and insomnia, she said.The other ingredients can boost the power of the caffeine, she said, adding that the drinks will have a greater effect on children because they're smaller than adults."Kids don't need to have this," she said. "This is not something they should be drinking."Schneider declined to identify any energy drinks that may be better than others for kids who insist on drinking them. If kids use energy drinks because they're tired, she said, they should get more rest instead of chugging caffeine.Half of the nation's 5,448 reported caffeine overdoses in 2007 were in people under age 19, although it's not known how many of the cases were the result of energy drink consumption, according to statistics provided by the AAP.

BEIJING, June 3 (Xinhua) -- Google lacked evidence to support its accusations that Chinese hackers are behind the alleged cyber attacks on hundreds of its email accounts and the timing to make such accusations is evil-intentioned, Chinese experts said on Friday."Google's accusation is neither serious nor credible as it has not published any evidence that shows the hackers are from China," said Dai Yiqi, a cyber security expert with Tsinghua University.Eric Grosse, engineering director of Google's Security Team wrote on the company blog Wednesday that unidentified hacker attacks likely originated from the eastern Chinese city of Jinan, tried to collect user passwords of the Gmail accounts of hundreds of users, including senior U.S. government officials, Chinese "human rights activists" and journalists.A report released in 2009 by the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, an organization created by the U.S. Congress, claimed that Jinan is the home of a Chinese military reconnaissance office.An anonymous cyber security expert believes, despite Google not referring to the Chinese government in the latest attack claim, the company is targeting the Chinese government by listing the victims of the attacks as those whom only the Chinese government are interested in."Both their intentions and the timing of the accusation are dubious," Dai said.Google's accusation followed on the heel of the reported Pentagon's first formal cyber strategy. The Wall Street Journal reported Tuesday that the Pentagon concluded that computer sabotage coming from another country can count as an act of war and the United States may respond by using traditional military force.Li Shuisheng, a research fellow with a top military science academy of the People's Liberation Army, believes there are political motives behind Google's accusation.Google may well have attempted to instigate a new round of the cyber row between China and the United States, Li said.Wednesday's accusation by Google came more than a year after the company allegedly uncovered a cyber attack on its systems that it said it traced to China.In January, 2010, Google said it had been attacked by hackers supported by the Chinese government, and later announced to withdraw from Chinese mainland. The row ended up with Google redirecting Chinese mainland users to a site in Hong Kong.In such cyber attacks, it is easy to locate the IP address of hackers but hard to tell where the hackers actually are, said Dai."Hackers usually launch attacks by camouflaging their own IP addresses or controlling computers of others. Therefore, we can hardly tell the location of the hacker unless we have sufficient evidence," he said.China is one of the leading targets of cyber attacks. It has the world's largest number of computers infected with bot, a type of malware which allows a cyber attacker to gain control over the affected computer.About 13 percent of the world's computers infected with bot are in China."Without cooperation between governments, absolute security cannot be guaranteed in cyber community," said Li , adding only cooperation can ensure safe information exchange.