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BEIJING, Oct. 11 (Xinhuanet) -- Scientists have discovered that blind optimism is related to brain's frontal lobes which are associated with processing errors, according to a British study published Monday in the journal Nature Neuroscience.Scientists at the University College of London scanned brains of volunteers who were asked to estimate their personal likelihood of involving in negative events, like a divorce or cancer,  before and after given the average probability of these events occurring.They found that the volunteers who estimated lower probability (or the more optimistic ones) than the given one raised their estimates a little bit later while those estimated higher probability altered their estimates much more.Through the brain scanner, scientists saw there was less activity in the volunteers' frontal regions when the information given was worse than expected while more activity when the information was better than expected. It suggested that the more optimistic people neglected the negative predictions."The more optimistic we are, the less likely we are to be influenced by negative information about the future," said Dr. Tali Sharot, lead author of the study. He added being optimistic clearly had some benefits, "but it can also mean that we are less likely to take precautionary action, such as practising safe sex or saving for retirement. So why don't we learn from cautionary information?"

HAIFA, Israel, Oct. 5 (Xinhua) -- "It's a big day, a celebration shared by Israel, science and the entire world," Israeli researcher Daniel Shechtman, who won the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, said here at a press conference at the Technion- Israel Institute of Technology.Shechtman, 70, has spent the past five decades at Technion. He is also an associate at the Ames Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy and has lectured at universities abroad."Thousands of scientists are currently researching the subject I developed and I'm sure that all of them view the prize as their accomplishment too," he told Xinhua, adding that, "Science (in general) wouldn't be here and be as prosperous and intricate as it is if not for the work of thousands of others around the world."The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences on Wednesday announced Shechtman as the winner of this year's Nobel chemistry prize for his cutting-edge research on quasicrystals, a type of atom form that for decades was considered impossible by the global scientific community.The award panel explained that Shechtman's work, launched in early 1980s, has revolutionized the perception of solid matter.His work forced crstyallographers to revamp their basic conception that atoms inside crystals only have repeating and symmetrical patterns.Shechtman is the 10th Israeli scientist to win the Nobel Prize and the fourth to win the prize in chemistry.Ada Yonat, a researcher at the Weizmann Institute near Tel Aviv, received the chemistry prize in 2009.The announcement from Stockholm captured headlines in Israel, drawing praise from the country's leadership, who said Shechtman's achievement is a testament to the Jewish state's stature as a technological powerhouse.Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the winning of the Nobel Prize "expresses our people's intellect.""Every Israeli citizen is happy today and every Jew in the world is proud," a statement issued by Netanyahu's office quoted him as telling the scientist in a telephone call.Israeli President Shimon Peres, who is also a Nobel laureate, later called to congratulate Shechtman."You demonstrate that a thinking person who is hardworking and brave can make groundbreaking scientific discoveries," he said.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 9 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have found a way to block, in an animal model, the damaging inflammation that contributes to many disease conditions. In their report receiving early online publication Sunday in Nature Biotechnology, researchers describe using small interfering RNA technology to silence the biochemical signals that attract a particular group of inflammatory cells to areas of tissue damage."The white blood cells known as monocytes play a critical role in the early stages of the immune response," says Matthias Nahrendorf, of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Center for Systems Biology, the paper's senior author. "We now know there are two subsets of monocytes -- an inflammatory subset that defends against pathogens and a reparative subset that supports healing. But if the inflammatory response is excessive, it can block the healing process and exacerbate conditions such as heart disease and cancer."Cells damaged by injury or disease release a cocktail of chemicals called cytokines that attract immune cells to the site of the damage. Inflammatory monocytes are guided to sites of tissue injury by a receptor protein called CCR2, and the MGH-led team devised a strategy targeting that molecule to block the inflammatory process but not the action of the reparative monocytes.Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology prevents production of specific proteins by binding to associated messenger RNA molecules and preventing their translation. However, the technique requires extreme precision in developing the right siRNA molecule and delivering it to the correct cellular location.To make sure that their siRNA preparation targeted the right monocytes, researchers first confirmed that its use reduced levels of CCR2 in monocytes and increased levels of the fragments produced when siRNA binds to its target. They then showed that monocytes from mice treated with the siRNA preparation were unable to migrate towards CCR2's usual molecular target. Experiments in animal models of several important diseases showed that the siRNA preparation reduced the amount of cardiac muscle damaged by a heart attack, reduced the size and the number of inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic plaques and in lymphomas, and improved the survival of transplanted pancreatic islets."These inflammatory monocytes are involved in almost every major disease," Nahrendorf explains. "Anti-inflammatory drugs currently on the market hit every inflammatory cell in the body, which can produce unwanted side effects. This new siRNA treatment doesn't affect inflammatory cells that don't rely on the CCR2 receptor. That makes a big difference."

BEIJING, Jan. 4 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese currency Renminbi, or the yuan, rose 8 basis points to a record high of 6.3001 against the U.S. dollar on Wednesday, according to the China Foreign Exchange Trading System.In China's foreign exchange spot market, the yuan is allowed to rise or fall by 0.5 percent from the central parity rate each trading day.The central parity rate of the yuan against the U.S. dollar is based on a weighted average of prices before the opening of the market each business day.

BEIJING, Sept. 30 (Xinhuanet) -- Miners, construction workers and people in hotel and food service industry are most likely to smoke in the U.S., according to new research finding.The finding was contained in a report released Thursday by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).According to the finding, miners and people in hotel and food service have a cigarette smoking rate of 30 percent, followed closely by construction workers' 29.7 percent.Both rates are much higher than the average smoking rate of 19.6 percent among all U.S. working adults.Workers in the education services industry have the lowest smoking rate, with 9.7 percent, followed by the 10.9 percent of workers in company management, the report said.Low education levels are a factor in high smoking rates, along with poverty and gender, said Ann Malarcher, senior scientific adviser at the CDC."Although some progress has been made in reducing smoking prevalence among working adults," the report wrote, "additional effective employer interventions need to be implemented."Smoking kills an estimated 443,000 each year in the U.S., costing about 193 billion U.S. dollars annually in direct health care expenses and productivity loss.

来源：资阳报