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CANBERRA, Sept. 7 (Xinhua) -- A team of Australian and U.S. scientists on Wednesday said they discovered a genetic defect, which can lead to Leigh syndrome, a rare disorder which affects the central nervous syndrome.The scientists tested more than 1000 genes by encoding proteins active in two individuals who suffer from the illness. They used a new technique known as next-generation DNA sequencing to examine the genes.The gene they discovered encodes an enzyme which is found in the mitochondria which are subsets of cells. Without this enzyme the mitochondria do not translate proteins efficiently, and this then causes Leigh syndrome.According to David Thorburn, from the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne, the discovery shows the enormous potential of the new technology."These findings demonstrate the ability of sequencing technologies to improve diagnosis," Professor Thorburn said in a statement released on Wednesday."Although it isn't clear in the case of Leigh syndrome whether the precise molecular diagnosis will necessarily lead to therapies, the current findings represent a meaningful service."He added that diagnosis of the disease along with its specific genetic cause can also be informative about the risk a couple has of having another affected child. The diagnostic information can help in decisions about whether and how to pursue alternative means of having children, for instance through the use of donor sperm or eggs.The research team consisted of scientists from Australia's Murdoch Institute as well as the Broad Institute in the U.S.In Leigh syndrome, infants are born apparently healthy only to develop movement and breathing disorders that worsen over time, often leading to death by the age of three. The problem is that the mitochondria responsible for powering their cells cannot keep up with the demand for energy in their developing brains.

MOSCOW, Aug. 26 (Xinhua) -- Russia will carry out two unmanned test launches of Soyuz carrier rockets in the coming fall before delivering crews to the International Space Station (ISS), local media reported on Friday.Citing a source, RIA Novosti news agency said that one of the Soyuz rockets was scheduled to send a new Progress M-13M space freighter to the ISS.On Wednesday, a Progress M-12M cargo ship failed to reach the orbit after the engine of a Soyuz-U carrier rocket turned off during the ascend. Soon after the accident, Russia announced it will temporarily ground all Soyuz rockets.Due to the accident, Russian space authorities have put off Thursday's launch of a Soyuz-2 carrier rocket from the Plesetsk Space Center in northern Russia and a launch of a manned space ship from Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan.After the retirement of the U.S. shuttle fleet, Russia's Soyuz spacecrafts have become the only way for astronauts to reach the ISS until at least the middle of the decade.

BEIJING, July 17 (Xinhua) -- Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki arrived in Beijing Sunday night for his first official visit to China as a guest of his Chinese counterpart Wen Jiabao.During al-Maliki's stay in China from Sunday to Thursday, President Hu Jintao will meet with him, and Premier Wen will hold talks with the Iraqi prime minister, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said earlier.China and Iraq share a traditional friendship, Hong said, adding that the two countries have witnessed smooth development of bilateral relations, steadily growing economic cooperation and increasing cultural exchanges."China is ready to work with the international community and to continue to provide assistance for the Iraqi people to improve their livelihoods," said the spokesman.

WASHINGTON, Sept. 26 (Xinhua) -- Older people with low blood levels of vitamin B12 markers may be more likely to have lower brain volumes and have problems with their thinking skills, according to researchers at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago.The results of the study will be published Tuesday in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.Foods that come from animals, including fish, meat, especially liver, milk, eggs and poultry are usual sources of vitamin B12.The study involved 121 older residents of the south side of Chicago over the age of 65. They had blood drawn to measure levels of vitamin B12 and B12-related markers that can indicate a B12 deficiency. The same subjects took tests measuring their memory and other cognitive skills.An average of four-and-a-half years later, MRI scans of the participants' brains were taken to measure total brain volume and look for other signs of brain damage.Having high levels of four of five markers for vitamin B12 deficiency was associated with having lower scores on the cognitive tests and smaller total brain volume."Our findings definitely deserve further examination," said Christine Tangney, associate professor at Rush University Medical Center and lead author of the study. "It's too early to say whether increasing vitamin B12 levels in older people through diet or supplements could prevent these problems, but it is an interesting question to explore. Findings from a British trial with B vitamin supplementation are also supportive of these outcomes."On the cognitive tests, the scores ranged from -2.18 to 1.42, with an average of 0.23. For each increase of one micromole per liter of homocysteine -- one of the markers of B12 deficiency -- the cognitive scores decreased by 0.03 standardized units or points.Tangney noted that the level of vitamin B12 itself in the blood was not associated with cognitive problems or loss in brain volume. "Our findings lend support for the contention that poor vitamin B12 status is a potential risk factor for brain atrophy and may contribute to cognitive impairment," said Tangney.

BONN, Germany, June 17 (Xinhua) -- The latest United Nations (UN) climate talks ended here on Friday with no surprise -- some " technical issues" saw some progress, as delegates usually said, while major disagreements remained.The two-week UN climate negotiations have made "clear advances" on such issues as extending carbon trading mechanisms, climate fund management and slowing deforestation, Christiana Figueres, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) executive secretary, said at a closing press conference.Figueres said delegates from 183 countries stepped forward with a technology mechanism to boost global green technology sharing. The mechanism will include a Climate Technology Center and Network to establish a worldwide clean technology stakeholder community.As for the implementation of a comprehensive package of the Cancun summit last year, this Bonn session has "paved the way" for progress at the next UN ministerial-level climate conference, which is to be held in Durban, South Africa from Nov. 28 to Dec. 9, Figueres said."Strong convergence has emerged on how the Adaptation Committee will be governed, what its composition will be and what its specific role will be," she said. "This progress means that the Committee could be fully operationalized at Durban."The UN climate chief stressed that governments, business circles and civil society cannot solve issues related to climate change "in one meeting," and climate talks are "the most important " negotiations the world has ever seen."The Bonn meeting is practical, focusing on concrete issues. In general, the negotiating process is moving forward step by step and on the right track," Su Wei, China's chief negotiator, told Xinhua on Friday."Despite setbacks and reversals, parties are taking climate change seriously and are willing to promote the negotiations under the Bali Roadmap," he said. "In the past two weeks, contact groups are busy making informal consultations on various topics.""Admittedly, in some key areas, there is a gap among parties," Su said.During the meeting, many delegates and observers have complained that the pace of negotiation was unbearably slow, especially against the backdrop of a new warning from the International Energy Agency, which said the global energy-related carbon emissions rose to a record high in 2010 despite decade-long efforts on curbs.Experts said one of the main hurdles in current talks was still the old topic -- the fate of the Kyoto Protocol, the sole legally- binding pact on industrial countries' emission cuts set to expire at the end of 2012.The protocol, which binds 37 rich countries, has been crippled since Cancun, as Japan, Canada and Russia have clearly stated they would not extend the pact's second commitment period after 2012.The United States, which never ratified the treaty, said it would not accept any legal deal unless other major economies have similar emission constraints.The European Union (EU), the last major bloc that is open to the renewing of the Kyoto Protocol, said its supportive attitude should not be taken for granted. The EU said it would not unilaterally step up efforts on combating climate change if other nations are not willing to do the same.Meanwhile, developing countries insisted that the updating of the Kyoto Protocol remains "the very core issue" of current talks, asking rich nations to shoulder their historical responsibilities and preserve the pact as a major legally-binding instrument to tackle climate change.The Group of 77 and China, representing over 130 developing nations, have said that the renewal of the Protocol should be the priority for Durban.On Friday, Figueres said that "resolving the future of the Kyoto Protocol is an essential task this year and will require high-level political guidance.""By Durban, governments need to come forward with options that will be acceptable to all parties," she said, adding that high- level contacts are necessary to break the ice.She told reporters that environment ministers are due to meet in Berlin from July 3 to 4, known as a continuation of last year's ministerial-level informal talks held in the town of Petersburg near Bonn. Moreover, world leaders are due to discuss climate change on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in September.Before the Durban summit, delegates have agreed to hold an additional round of climate talks in late September or early October, Figueres revealed.