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 Two 250,000-year-old teeth from two Neanderthal children revealed that both of them were exposed to lead twice during their short lifetimes, the first known case of lead exposure in Neanderthals.An international team of researchers studied the two teeth, as well as one from a modern human child who lived 5,000 years ago. All of them are from the same archaeological site in southeast France. The results of their analysis were published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances."Traditionally, people thought lead exposure occurred in populations only after industrialization, but these results show it happened prehistorically, before lead had been widely released into the environment," said Christine Austin, study co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. "Our team plans to analyze more teeth from our ancestors and investigate how lead exposures may have affected their health and how that may relate to how our bodies respond to lead today."And as with tree rings, researchers used the teeth to determine key events in the children's lives. During childhood, new teeth layers are formed each day, capturing chemical signatures that can be traced."Teeth record environmental variation based on the climate, even where you're growing up," said Tanya Smith, lead author of the study and associate professor at Griffith University. "That's possible because when you're growing, your teeth you actually lock in a record of the chemistry of the water and the food that you're eating and drinking. Because teeth have these tiny timelines, we can relate the chemistry to the growth to calculate ancient climate records. We can't do that with any other element of the body."They were able to determine that one of the Neanderthal children was born in the spring and that both children were more likely to be sick during the colder winter seasons. They lived through more extreme seasons with a greater variation in temperature than the modern human child who was also studied.The intact teeth had growth rings, which the researchers used to measure barium, lead and oxygen. Lasers targeted tiny spots in the teeth to map their chemistry and reconstruct ancient climate records. This reconstruction was able to map a weekly scale of variation, showing when the summer and winter seasons happened and how long they lasted. The researchers related this back to the individual's growth."This study reports a major breakthrough in the reconstruction of ancient climates, a significant factor in human evolution, as temperature and precipitation cycles influenced the landscapes and food resources our ancestors relied on," Smith said.The growth rings also provided evidence of nursing."We were able to identify milk intake through breastfeeding in one individual based on a trace element called barium," Smith said. "We were able to time that to the season."That individual nursed for 2? years, which is similar to modern human children who lived in hunter-gatherer environments. "This is something we may share in common with Neanderthals," Smith said. Unfortunately, although the Neanderthal child survived infancy, it did not reach adulthood. The ages of the children were not included in the study.The researchers believe that the children were exposed to lead environmentally, either inhaling or ingesting it."That must have come from natural deposits in the area, whether they were going into an underground environment or they were eating contaminated food that was incorporated into their growing bones and teeth," Smith said.Smith believes that this research emphasizes the different levels of information that can be taken from teeth."We've now got the ability to integrate ancient climate data with health history, nursing history and illness," she said. "To be able to get all that information from a single sample 250,000 years ago is a unique opportunity."But this doesn't just apply to studying those who lived before us."Dietary patterns in our early life have far-reaching consequences for our health, and by understanding how breastfeeding evolved, we can help guide the current population on what is good breastfeeding practice," said Manish Arora, study co-author and vice chairman of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine. "Our research team is working on applying these techniques in contemporary populations to study how breastfeeding alters health trajectories including those of neurodevelopment, cardiac health and other high-priority health outcomes." 4648

With passion and conviction, Eric Garner’s mother, Gwen Carr, was speaking from experience at a rally Tuesday. “We want a federal law that will go around the country, that anytime anyone uses a chokehold they are immediately locked up and charged.”Her son died after being put in an illegal chokehold by police. The call now is to make the chokehold maneuver illegal nationwide. Lawmakers and community leaders are also demanding more accountability for officers amid protesting and violence.“These bills can be the real focus of where this nation can go," said the Rev. Al Sharpton. "This will be the example of New York, will be the example nationwide." Garner’s last words, "I can't breathe," became an outcry for change, George Floyd said the same thing in his final moments.Whether by arm or by knee, these new laws would also put in place tougher penalties for any officer who restricts someone’s breathing.The chokehold was banned by the NYPD after the death of Anthony Baez in 1994 but 20 years later, Garner became the poster child that the system failed. Now Floyd is the last straw for the community. “We don’t need officers to take a knee with us, we need them to keep their knees off our necks," said City Council Speaker Corey Johnson. 1261

"We are pleased to be working with Netflix on a feature documentary about Cyntoia Brown. The new film builds on what we learned over the past 15 years during her fight for freedom and the events leading to her receiving clemency. We expect to complete it by the end of this year, and for it to appear on Netflix during the early part of 2020. We will be happy to talk further about the film as we move closer to its release." 433

(CNN) -- After three women and six children were slaughtered on a remote dirt road in Mexico, relatives and members of their small religious community stood around the smoldering carnage for hours before local authorities arrived.The horrific broad-daylight crime stunned even a country long ravaged by drug violence and on pace for a record high number of homicides this year. A convoy carrying women and children -- dual US-Mexican citizens -- ambushed and sprayed with hundreds of rounds of ammunition. A mother gunned down as she begged the children be spared."I'm the first person that arrived... They never showed up," said Julian LeBaron, a Mormon community leader related to some of the victims. "We came on the crime scene before any authorities."Indeed, Mexico's latest tragedy in the long fight against cartel violence is viewed by some as a sign its "hugs, not bullets" security strategy -- focused on combating social problems -- has done little to wrest large chunks of the country from the grip of criminal organizations.RELATED: Investigators learn suspect arrested in Mormon family attack was not involved"You do have to go after the inequality, the lack of opportunity that drives criminality but what's the short-term strategy?" asked Christopher Wilson, deputy director of the Mexico Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington, DC."How is it that you actually go after these criminal groups that are, as we see, willing to directly challenge the state?"Municipalities have no police officers, Mexican president saysThe government quickly suggested Monday's attack was a case of mistaken identity, stemming from a conflict between rival drug trafficking groups in a virtually lawless region near the US border."We still don't have all the officers needed," President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office in December, admitted this week. "There are municipalities where we don't have police... Everything related to public safety was completely abandoned. We're working on that."Mexican officials said the massacre could be linked to a shootout one day earlier in the town of Agua Prieta, across the border from Douglas, Arizona. The corridor is a hub for moving drugs into the US.RELATED: Community whose members were attacked in Mexico has history with cartels, expert saysA criminal group known as Los Salazar, from Sonora state, exchanged fire with members of La Línea, the Chihuahua-based enforcement arm of the Juarez cartel. La Línea later dispatched an armed group to prevent their rivals from entering Chihuahua, said Gen. Homero Mendoza, Mexico's chief of staff for national defense. Those gunmen might have mistaken the families' vehicles for the SUVs of rivals.At the state level, Chihuahua Attorney General César Peniche Espejel offered another theory: A drug trafficking group known as Los Jaguares, an offshoot of the Sinaloa cartel, could have been behind the massacre.Mexico's new 'hugs, not bullets' strategy comes under fireBut the attack -- coupled with recent violent episodes in the region -- has many Mexicans and security analysts questioning the short-term effectiveness of López Obrador's policy of attacking poverty and inequality rather than the cartels."It's unfortunate, sad, because children died," López Obrador told reporters this week. "But trying to resolve this problem by declaring a war? In our country, it's been demonstrated this doesn't work. This was a disaster."The leftist president, known by his initials AMLO, came under criticism after his controversial decision last month to release Ovidio Guzmán López, a leader of the Sinaloa cartel and son of imprisoned kingpin Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán.A botched government operation to arrest and extradite the younger Guzmán on October 17 was called off after the cartel unleashed a heavily-armed fighting force that outmaneuvered and overpowered military on the streets of Culiacan, the state capital. Guzmán was cut loose and security forces retreated in what was widely seen as a victory for the powerful cartel once headed by his father."AMLO's strategy highlights great failures that have benefited the cartels," said Raúl Benítez Manaut, a security expert and professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. "They will not become pacifists on their own volition. On the contrary, the violence is increasing."In the western state of Michoacan, 13 Mexican police officers were killed in an ambush last month, authorities said. Images on social media showed posters left on the police vehicles signed "CJNG." Those are the initials of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, a dominant trafficking gang the US Drug Enforcement Agency calls "one of the most powerful and fastest growing in Mexico and the United States.""This is an area which is under dispute but is highly valuable for criminal organizations because it's so close to the US border," Wilson said.Massacre may be linked to extortion and kidnapping, expert saysGladys McCormick, a Syracuse University expert on cartel violence, said the failed attempt to capture El Chapo's son as well as the ongoing violence indicate "a clear lack of intelligence gathering in the AMLO administration."AMLO's decision last spring to send large numbers of his newly created National Guard, drawn from former soldiers and police, to the border with Guatemala has compounded the problem, she said. The troops have been detaining Central American migrants heading for the US border.The move, prompted by Trump administration threats to impose tariffs, came "at the expense of increasing violence in places such as Michoacán, Guerrero, Baja California and Chihuahua," McCormick said.RELATED: US victims in Mexico attack from Mormon offshoot communityIn a remote corner of northern Mexico, fundamentalist Mormon families who settled in the neighboring states of Chihuahua and Sonora had maintained an uneasy peace with the criminal organizations. But relatives of this week's victims said cartels had recently threatened families over where they could travel or from whom they could purchase fuel."A whole series of sort of mid-tier and lower level and smaller kind of up-and-coming, wannabe cartels are trying to set up shop in this terrain," McCormick said. "They're striking deals with each other, with the big players. What I do think is that this (massacre) had nothing to do with drugs per se. I think it had to do with extortion and kidnapping."Fundamentalist Mormon families largely coexisted with criminal elementsChihuahua's LeBaron family, whose relatives are among the dead, has had a long history of conflict with the cartels.In 2009, Eric LeBaron was kidnapped and returned unharmed a week later. His older brother, Benjamin LeBaron, 32, became an anti-crime activist who pushed the local community to take a stand against violence.Months later, Benjamin LeBaron and his brother-in-law Luis Widmar were beaten and shot to death after armed men stormed their home in Chihuahua. Authorities later arrested the alleged ringleader of a drug trafficking family that ran a smuggling operation on Mexico's border with Texas.Until now, the fundamentalist Mormon families had largely coexisted with the criminal elements around them."We haven't been threatened, at least not in any way to suppose that women and children would be murdered," said Julian LeBaron, an outspoken critic of organized crime in the area. "We see the armed people all the time and they kind of leave us alone."RELATED: The history of so-called 'Mormon colonies' in MexicoAfter the attack, Trump called for war against Mexico's drug cartels in a series of tweets."This is the time for Mexico, with the help of the United States, to wage WAR on the drug cartels and wipe them off the face of the earth. We merely await a call from your great new president!" he wrote.Mexican authorities noted the cartridges recovered from the massacre site were manufactured in the US.Nahoma Jensen De LeBaron, the cousin of one of the nine victims, said the cartels thrive only because of the insatiable appetite for drugs north of the border."I believe the United States is the reason why Mexico has drug cartels, because they're the biggest consumers," LeBaron told CNN en Espa?ol before families buried more of the victims on Friday."Our plea to Mexico is we need a justice system that (ensures) those who commit these atrocities be brought to justice." 8396

View this post on Instagram DA CRIB.... ?? 2 day event A post shared by CHRIS BROWN (@chrisbrownofficial) on Nov 4, 2019 at 9:57pm PST 155