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GENEVA, Aug. 12 (Xinhua) -- 18 people seeking treatment at hospitals in Somalia had been confirmed cholera positive through laboratory tests, the Geneva based World Health Organization (WHO) said on Friday.The 18 positive cases were detected out of 30 stool samples collected from patients seeking treatment at hospitals for acute watery diarrhea, a symptom that could result from cholera, WHO spokesperson Tarek Jasarevic told reporters.All confirmed cases, including residents of Mogadishu district and those among internally displaced persons (IDPs), were said to be tested positive for the Vibrio cholera serotype "inaba", which had been the predominant serotype in Somalia for the past three years."These results are an alarming reminder of the critical situation in Mogadishu and other parts of Southern, Central Somalia, (which are) still experiencing drought, population displacement and conflict," Jasarevic said.WHO has reported a dramatic increase of acute watery diarrhea cases in Somalia.In June and July alone, 1,633 acute watery diarrhea cases had been registered in Banadir Hospital, Mogadishu, representing 38 percent of all reported cases in 2011, and a sharp rise comparing with the same period last year.The United Nations public health arm said the situation was related to poor sanitation and limited access to safe water in numerous informal IDP settlements and a limited capacity of existing health partners to access those settlements and provide essential health services.In addition, the high number of malnourished children due to the ongoing famine increased the susceptibility to waterborne diseases.

BEIJING, July 1 (Xinhuanet) -- China must adopt a holistic approach to addressing food safety challenges connected to the risk of contracting infectious diseases from contact with animals, the World Health Organization (WHO) has said. Peter Ben Embarek, food safety officer at WHO's China office, said the country faces risks connected to the need to produce more meat, eggs and milk to feed its growing population. He said the increased production will ramp up the risk of people being infected by food-borne diseases because of poor slaughtering oversight and the absence of proper surveillance and inspection systems. About 50 percent of pigs in China are slaughtered outside of formal facilities without the inspection of veterinarians or food safety officers. He said poorly trained producers have little or no awareness of food safety or the risk of animal diseases being passed on to humans. Such an environment could lead to the emergence of a new pandemic of influenza. During the past 60 years, 30 percent of the 335 new infectious diseases worldwide were transmitted through food, he said. Yet in many parts of China, public awareness remains low about such things. Xu Aixiang, a 35-year-old resident of Rizhao city in Shandong province, prefers to buy live poultry at local markets. Like many of her neighbors, she takes the chickens she buys home to slaughter them. "I get fresher chickens that are better quality this way," she said. "When vendors sell slaughtered chickens, the meat is no longer fresh and may have had water injected into it to make it heavier." But Ben Embarek cautioned that such live-animal markets are high-risk places for the exchange of viruses and diseases between animals and humans. He said simple and cost-effective measures can be taken to improve such markets' hygiene standards, such as the installation of separate areas to keep live poultry away from customers as well as improving air flow and waste management. Several UN agencies, including the WHO and the Food and Agriculture Organization, called on China to adopt an integrated approach to preventing emerging epidemic diseases and maintaining ecosystem integrity at an event themed "One Health" that convened on Wednesday in Beijing. At the gathering, representatives from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention shared experiences from efforts to mitigate the H5N1 and H1N1 influenza outbreaks in China and said they were committed to working together in the future. Su Jingliang, an associate professor of preventive veterinary medicine at China Agricultural University, said his lab had detected the outbreak of a new type of flavivirus in ducks that led to a significant fall in egg production at farms in Beijing as well as in Hebei, Jiangxi and Shandong provinces. The pandemic was brought under control in March. No cases of humans contracting the disease have been reported so far but Su said he was concerned about the possibility of farmers becoming infected through close contact and long exposure to sick ducks. He said precautionary measures should be taken in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and other government agencies and checks should be run on people who are at high risk. Xu Wei contributed to this story.

BEIJING, Aug. 22 (Xinhuanet) -- Researchers have discovered how a human egg captures an incoming sperm for fertilization, paving the way to help couples suffering from infertility, according to media reports on Monday.An international team of researchers found that a sugar chain known as the sialyl-lewis-x sequence (SLeX) makes the outer coat of the egg “sticky,” which has proven to be helpful in binding the egg and the sperm.As a result, this observation has filled in a huge gap in the understanding of fertility and provides hope for ultimately helping couples who currently cannot conceive.Scientists and doctors know that a sperm identifies an egg when proteins on the head of the sperm match and bind to a series of specific sugars in the egg’s outer coating. With a successful match of proteins, the outside surfaces of the sperm and egg then bind together before merging, which is then followed by delivery of sperm’s DNA into egg.To identify this molecules, the researchers used ultra-sensitive mass-spectrometric imaging technology to observe and identify which molecules are most likely to be key in the binding process.They experimented with a range of synthesised sugars in the laboratory and found that it is SLeX that specifically binds sperm to an egg.According to the World Health Organisation, infertility affects about 15 percent of reproductive-aged couples around the world and almost one in every seven couples in Britain has problems conceiving a child for various reasons.

BEIJING, Sept. 23 (Xinhua) -- A defunct U.S. satellite is expected to crash down to Earth Friday, with nobody knowing where or when exactly it will hit. This was avoidable, a Chinese expert said Thursday.Pang Zhihao, a researcher from the Chinese Research Institute of Space Technology, told Xinhua that the crash could have been avoided had the satellite been put into a higher orbit, or manipulated to drop in the South Pacific when it had abundant fuel. It would pose no threat to Earth if these measures had been taken.NASA's tumbling, 5,900 kg Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, or UARS, is the first of such man-made space vehicles that have been launched into outer space according to the agency's Mission to Planet Earth. The mission was launched in the 1990s.The mission is designed to provide data for better understanding Earth's upper atmosphere and the effects of natural and human interactions on the atmosphere.The satellite was deactivated in 2005 as it ran out of fuel and was left orbiting Earth like a big piece of space junk.There are other cases of defunct satellites. The European Space Agency said earlier its observation satellite ERS-2 has run out of fuel and is deorbiting. It would therefore also crash sooner or later.Pang said all countries which are operating space vehicles should take care of their own spacecrafts so that they won't pose any danger.The expert also said that the public need not worry too much.Pang said most spacecrafts will be incinerated upon re-entering Earth's atmosphere, and the debris will mostly likely fall into the ocean or hit an uninhabited area. In addition, a debris tracker is able to give a comparatively accurate prediction where the craft will fall about two hours before it hits Earth, giving residents, if there are any, time to evacuate.He added that there are several ways to minimize the threat of decommissioned spacecrafts, like putting them into higher orbits and crashing them into designated waters.Scientific progress would possibly bring about more ways of dealing with tumbling satellites. Scientists have already been trying to build spacecrafts with degradable materials so that they can self-destruct when re-entering Earth's atmosphere.

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 15 (Xinhua) -- Facebook and Yahoo on Monday started to test "six degrees of separation," an iconic social experiment in the 1960s that showed everyone is on average approximately six steps away from any other person on earth.The current Facebook-Yahoo "small world" experiment, based on more than 750 million active Facebook users, is expected to determine the social path length between two strangers.Anyone with a Facebook account can participate by going to smallworld.sandbox.yahoo.com and will be assigned a "target person. " The participant will be asked to select one of his or her Facebook friends, whom will be forwarded a message and then pass the message from friend to friend so that the participant will get a message to the "target person" in as few steps as possible.The study is intended as academic social research and will be published in peer-reviews scientific journal, Duncan Watts, Yahoo' s principal research scientist who is leading the experiment, told San Jose Mercury News.In the 1960s, American social psychologist Stanley Milgram and other researchers conducted several experiments to examine the average path length for social networks of people in the United States, suggesting that human society is a small world type network by around 5.5 people steps or about six people on average.It is now currently accepted that there were potential flaws in the so-called "small world experiment" because the conclusions were based on relatively small number of research samples.