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A federal judge has dismissed several charges against Dr. Jumana Nagarwala in the historic female genital mutilation case, ruling that the federal law against female genital mutilation is unconstitutional.U.S. District Court Judge Bernard Friedman ruled that Congress did not have the power to enact a federal law that banned female genital mutilation in the United States.Instead, Friedman made the argument that the law was too broad and it violated Congress' powers, as the law does not stand up to scrutiny under either the Necessary and Proper Clause or the Commerce Clause of the US Constitution.He also found that laws penalizing Female Genital Mutilation should be handled at the state level, similar to laws regarding Criminal Sexual Conduct, battery or child abuse.  Shannon Smith is the Defense Attorney for Dr. Nagarwala.  She says the ruling is "absolutely a huge victory. When you actually studied the law they enacted, there was no constitutional basis for them to enact the law. It’s really an issue that should be left to the states."Smith also claims the doctors did not perform Female Genital Mutilation, saying instead they performed a mild form of female circumcision."What Dr. Nagarwala was doing, if we had gone to trial, would have been vindicated that she was not mutilating little girls. While we’re happy with the victory and we’ll certainly take it, there’s a part of me that’s a little disappointed that the public isn’t going to see the evidence brought out at a trial to see that she was never guilty of it in the first place," Smith said.The ruling comes after Friedman also dismissed a "conspiracy to transport minor with intent to engage in criminal sexual activity" charge in January. That was the only count that could have lead to life in prison for both Nagarwala and Dr. Fakhruddin Attar.Friedman's ruling leaves two counts in place in the case. Nargarwala is charged with "conspiracy to travel with intent to engage in illicit sexual conduct," and four of the defendants are charged with conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding.Judge dismisses several charges in FGM case by WXYZ-TV Channel 7 Detroit on Scribd 2194

A co-author of a criminal justice textbook that included convicted sexual assailant Brock Turner’s photo next to the section titled “Rape” is standing by their decision.Last week, a student at Washington State University posted a photo of the book page on Facebook, and it has since been shared over 100,000 times.Callie Rennison, a University of Colorado Denver School of Public Affairs professor and co-author of “Introduction to Criminal Justice: Systems, Diversity and Change,” said that the vast majority of reaction she’s received has been positive. However, critics have said that even though Turner’s crimes may fit the FBI definition of rape, he was not convicted of rape as defined by California law—instead he was convicted of sexual assault.Currently, the federal definition states that if there’s penetration “with any object, any body part, that’s not consensual, then that’s rape,” Rennison said. “Brock Turner was convicted of a penetration offense and under these definitions that’s rape.”Rennison also points out that critics may not have read the entire section of the book and missed some key context.“That particular section is about how definitions change over time,” Rennison said.In fact, California did alter their definition of rape, in part due to Turner's case.She says they will still add even more context in upcoming editions of the book, a fact the publisher confirmed, as well.She contends that the reason Turner’s image was used in the first place was to keep the curriculum current and thus relatable to students in 2017.“This is who students know and students talk about,” she said. “Contemporary references are a must. Looking at older books students aren’t engaged. They don’t think it applies to them in their world.”She also hopes it starts a larger conversation about punishment. Turner’s six-month sentence—of which he served three months—was widely covered in the media.“This allows us to have the discussion about what is the time most people serve for this, and students are shocked to learn that often it's nothing.”Rennison said she and her co-author, Mary Dodge, are the first all-female team of authors to pen a criminal justice textbook.Turner’s attorney, Mike Armstrong, declined to comment for the story, and attempts to reach Turner’s parents were unsuccessful. 2332

A bomb threat has caused the evacuation of parts of Facebook's headquarters in Menlo Park, Calif. on Tuesday, prompting a large police response. According to KGO-TV, a tip was received by Crime Stoppers in New York, and relayed to authorities in California. The phone call was anonymous and no other details were shared. Many of Facebook's 33,606 employees work out of the company's Menlo Park headquarters. 415

A man managed to escape the first eruptive fury of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, only to be crushed beneath a block of stone hurled by an explosive volcanic cloud, new excavations at the site suggest.Archeologists working at the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, Italy, found the man's remains almost 2,000 years after he died.Stunning pictures from the scene show a skeleton pinned beneath the stone. The impact crushed the top of the man's body. His head might still be buried beneath the block of stone.Lesions on the skeleton's tibia are signs of a bone infection that probably hampered the man's escape attempt, archeologists said.Nonetheless, the man, who was at least 30 years old, survived the first phase of the eruption and fled along an alley, probably limping because of his infection. 793

A decline in Chevrolet Cruze sales is what General Motors officials say is to blame for an employee reduction at the Lordstown, Ohio plant. Up to 1,500 workers could be affected by layoffs this summer.According to WKBN-TV, the plant will move to a one-shift schedule on June 18. Between 1,000 to 1,500 workers will remain on the shift. GM said sales are to blame for the change, WKBN-TV reports, and is offering affected employees a ,000 payout.Sen. Sherrod Brown called on GM to use tax cuts the company received to keep jobs in Ohio.“GM cannot pocket billions of dollars in tax cuts and turn around and fire Ohio workers whose livelihoods depend on these jobs,” Brown said. “I expect GM to tell Ohioans immediately how they plan to use their tax windfall to keep Ohioans in their jobs.”The Lordstown GM plant is the largest employer in Trumbull County. 910