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INDIANAPOLIS — A Roncalli High School board of directors member has resigned in response to the administration's actions against a guidance counselor who says she's been asked to either resign or "dissolve" her same-sex marriage. Shelly Fitzgerald is on paid administrative from Roncalli High School after she says someone sought out her marriage certificate, which shows she's married to another woman, and gave it to school leaders. READ | Roncalli counselor speaks out after she says she was asked to resign over same-sex marriage  | Former Roncalli students say counselor same-sex marriage controversy sheds light on school cultureDaniel Parker's says he submitted his resignation letter to Roncalli President Joseph Hollowell on Tuesday."I write to you today as a troubled member of the Roncalli family," Parker said in his resignation letter. "As a Roncalli parent, Board Member, and benefactor I have so many mixed emotions since I heard the unfortunate news on Friday night. Because those emotions have ranged from sadness to anger, I have waited to send this note for hope that this unexpected and unnecessary issue would change for the better. Based upon the Roncalli Administration's response yesterday, it appears that it will not."Parker also voiced his praise for Fitzgerald, who he says was his children's counselor and "one of the greatest assets at Roncalli High School." 1431

It may not be as oft-quoted as the First Amendment or as contested as the Second Amendment, but the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution plays a critical role in supporting some of our closest-held notions of American freedom and equality.For one, it clearly states that American citizenship is a birthright for all people who are born on American soil -- something that President Donald Trump has announced he wants to end. Not only would this unravel 150 years of American law, it would loosen a significant cornerstone of the Constitution's interpretation of American identity.In order to better understand this part of the 14th Amendment, we asked two experts in constitutional and immigration law to walk us through the first section. The amendment has five sections, but we will only be dealing with the first, which contains the Citizenship Clause and three other related clauses.But first, some historyThe 14th Amendment is known as a Reconstruction amendment, because it was added to the Constitution after the Civil War in 1868. That places it at an important historical crossroads, when lingering wounds of divisiveness and animosity still plagued the nation and the reality of a post-slavery America begged contentious racial and social questions."Thomas Jefferson said men were created equal, but the original Constitution betrayed that promise by allowing for slavery," says Jeffrey Rosen. "The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were designed to enshrine Lincoln's promise of a new America."However, as so often is the case, this reaffirmed American ideal fell short of reality. Rosen notes that issues of civil rights and equal treatment continued to be denied to African Americans, LGBT people and other citizens for more than a century after the amendment's ratification.And Erika Lee points out that Native Americans weren't even allowed to become citizens until 1925."Even as [these amendments] were written, obviously there were major built-in inequalities and maybe at the time weren't intended to apply to everyone," Lee says.Why was citizenship by birthright such an important concept?"Citizenship was a central question left open by the original Constitution," says Rosen. "At the time it was written, the Constitution assumed citizenship, but it didn't provide any rules for it. In the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Chief Justice said African Americans can't be citizens of the US and 'had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.'"The US Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case, named for a slave who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom, has since been widely condemned.READ MORE: Scott v. Sandford"The 14th Amendment was designed to overturn this decision and define citizenship once and for all, and it was based on birthright," Rosen says. "It is really important that it's a vision of citizenship based on land rather than blood. It is an idea that anyone can be an American if they commit themselves to our Constitutional values."What does it mean to be "subject to the jurisdiction thereof?"According to Rosen, this is one of the greatest questions of citizenship. There are two clear examples of people not subject to the jurisdictions of the United States: diplomats and their children, and -- at the time of the 14th Amendment -- Native Americans, who were not recognized as part of the American populace."With those two exceptions, everyone who was physically present in the United States was thought to be under its jurisdiction," Rosen says. "There are numerous Supreme Court cases that reaffirm that understanding, and almost as importantly, there are lots of congressional statutes that assume birthright citizenship."Some scholars, like John Eastman of the Claremont Institute's Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence, have argued that children of illegal immigrants are not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the US and thus should not be considered citizens under the Constitution.But Rosen says this is a minority view among constitutional scholars of all political backgrounds."While the Supreme Court has not explicitly ruled [on the instance of children of illegal immigrants], Congress has passed all kinds of laws presuming their citizenship," Rosen says.What is the connection between birthright citizenship and immigration?In 1898, 30 years after the 14th Amendment was adopted, the Supreme Court reached a defining decision in a case known as the United States v. Wong Kim Ark. Lee explains that Wong Kim Ark was the American-born son of Chinese immigrants."Asian immigrants were the first immigrants to the US that couldn't be considered white," Lee says. "So they are treated differently. They are taxed differently, they are stripped of many rights. In the 1880s, they are excluded from immigration and barred from citizenship."READ MORE: The United States v. Wong Kim ArkSo, the main question of the case was, could a person born in America be a citizen in a place where his parents could not be as well? The Supreme Court decided yes, and the case remains the first defining legal decision made under the banner of birthright citizenship."[The Supreme Court's decision] said that the right of citizenship is not a matter of inheritance, that it never descends from generation to generation, it is related to where you're born," Lee says. "It's about the power of place. That has been a very expansive, and at the time, a corrective measure to a more exclusionary definition both legally as well as culturally as to what an American is."Why must it be stated that the privileges of citizenship need to be protected?Before the Civil War, states didn't necessarily have to follow the provisions stated in the Bill of Rights; only Congress had to. The 14th Amendment changed that."This second sentence of the Amendment means that states have to respect the Bill of Rights as well as basic civil rights and the rights that come along with citizenship," Rosen says. "The idea was that there were rights that were so basic; so integral to citizenship that they could not be narrowed by the states."Despite the promises and protections of citizenship, Lee says it is abundantly clear that different racial groups were, and often are, seen as unable or unworthy to function as true American citizens. After all, basic rights of citizenship, like suffrage and equal treatment, were denied certain racial groups for a hundred years after the 14th Amendment."The idea of a law applying to 'all people' seems to be clear. But in reality, the debate and the laws and practices that get established are very much based on a hierarchy of, well sure, all persons, but some are more fit and some are more deserving than others," she says.Throughout history, Asian immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Muslim immigrants and their children, to name a few, have had unspoken cultural caveats applied to their ability to be Americans."For Asian immigrants, the racial argument at the time was that 'It didn't matter whether one were born in the US or not, Asians as a race, are unassimilable. They are diametrically opposite from us Americans,'" Lee says."That was the argument that was used to intern Japanese citizens. It was the denial of citizenship in favor of race: 'The ability to become American, the ability to assimilate, they just didn't have it.'"Why was it important to legalize rights for non-citizens?So far, we've covered the first clause, the Citizenship Clause, and the second, the Privileges and Immunities Clause. These both deal with American citizens.The final two clauses, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection clause, are a little different, and deal with the rights of all people in the United States.Eagle-eyed Constitution readers will notice that the 14th Amendment contains a "due process" clause very similar to the Fifth Amendment. This, says Rosen, was a technical addition to ensure the Fifth Amendment wasn't theoretically narrowed down to protect only American citizens."The 14th Amendment distinguishes between the privileges of citizenship and the privileges of all people," Rosen says. "The framers [of the amendment] thought there were certain rights that were so important that they should be extended to all persons, and in order to specify that they needed a new 'due process' clause."What does it mean to have 'equal protection of the laws'?"At the time following the Civil War, at its core, it meant all persons had the right to be protected by the police, that the laws of the country should protect all people," Rosen says. "In the 20th century, more broader questions were litigated under the 14th Amendment, like Brown v. Board of Education -- whether segregation was constitutional. Cases involving the internment of Japanese citizens, case from the marriage equality decisions, even Roe vs. Wade have strains of equal protection language and invoke due process law."READ MORE: Brown v. Board of EducationAnother interesting case that speaks directly to the immigration side of the 14th Amendment debate is the 1982 case of Plyler v. Doe, in which the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for the state of Texas to deny funding for undocumented immigrant children.READ MORE: Plyler v. DoeWhy are we talking about all this right now?This week,?Trump vowed to end the right to citizenship for the children of non-citizens and unauthorized immigrants born on US soil.But his interest in repealing birthright citizenship isn't a new idea. Lee says for the last 30 years or so, there have been several overtures by the political right to explore "citizenship reform," a timeline that she says aligns with the ascendancy of modern American conservatism.Lee fears if the current push to end birthright citizenship is successful, it could have wider implications than most people assume. People from other countries who are here legally on work or student visas, for instance, could have children who do not legally belong to the only country they know."There have been attempts since the 1990s to break away birthright citizenship, or narrow it down, and it did not seem that they would have a chance at succeeding until now," she says."To me this not only reflects the ascendancy of an extreme right position but also a return to a very narrow and exclusionary definition of Americanness." 10356

In some ways, thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic, Cyber Monday began weeks ago when online retailers began pushing holiday sales in mid-October. But forecasters are still projecting that Monday will be the biggest day of online sales ever recorded in the U.S.Online retailers are projected to sell .7 billion in goods on Monday, a figure that would represent year-to-year growth of 35%. Sales on Cyber Monday would outpace those made on both Thanksgiving and Black Friday.Several major retailers announced earlier this year that they would remain closed on Thanksgiving in the hopes of avoiding crowds, marking a stark change from recent years. In addition, the Associated Press reports that Black Friday crowds were thin across the country, as many Americans shopped online to avoid crowds. In fact, retailers like Walmart and Best Buy made Black Friday deals available online to limit the number of people in stores.However, Americans don't appear ready to slow down spending for Cyber Monday. Adobe Analytics predicts that Cyber Monday spending will break the billion for the first time in 2020. For context, the first time Americans spent billion on Cyber Monday came in 2012.Adobe also reports that 42% of online shopping will be done by smartphone this year — a year-over-year increase of 55%. 1314

It is rare that inside President Donald Trump's White House that something bipartisan can get accomplished. But that is exactly what has happened when it comes to trade. WHAT CHANGES TODAYFor nearly thirty years, NAFTA, which stands for the North American Free Trade agreement, governed trading between the United States, Mexico and Canada. It basically sets the rules by which companies needed to follow in order to avoid paying a tariff or fee to ship their product within one of those North American countries. In recent years however, Democrats and Republicans have both criticized the agreement as a reason companies moved their jobs overseas, particularly to Mexico or Asian countries. Beginning today, NAFTA is no more with the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) in effect. WHAT'S DIFFERENTThe trade agreement has been read over and scrutinized by lawyers of Fortune 500 companies for months, but some of the biggest impacts affect the auto industry, the steel industry and dairy farmers. Under the agreement, in order to avoid a tariff, 75% of a car must be built in North America. 70% of the steel and aluminum in a car must also come from North America. It also demands 40-45% of the car be built by workers earning at least /hour. That last provision is key because those new wages are nearly triple what Mexico is paying it's workers right now in some instances. Dairy farmers in the United States will also have expanded access into Canada, which is something the US agricultural community has called for years. WILL IT CREATE JOBSThe White House claims this new deal will result in hundreds of thousands of jobs in the coming years. Regarding whether any new jobs are being created right now, Treasury Department spokeswoman Monica Crowley said it is too soon to tell. "Well it just goes into effect today, but we will see that going forward but the good news that we got today but the good news is that manufacturing has hit a 14 month high in the month of June," Crowley said. 2015

It’s official, summer 2020 was the hottest on record in the Northern Hemisphere.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released their monthly report on global temperatures. August 2020’s temperatures around the world made it the second-warmest August on record behind 2016, and the third-hottest season.Here in the Northern Hemisphere, August set a new record with a temperature departure from average of 2.14 degrees F, beating 2016’s numbers.“The most notable temperature departures from average were observed across Alaska, eastern Canada, the western contiguous U.S., Europe, northern Russia, central South America, Western Australia, eastern Antarctica, and across the North Pacific, the Bering Sea, and the Barents Sea, where temperatures were at least 2.0°C (3.6°F) above average,” NOAA scientists observed.The three-month season, June-August, surpassed the previous global record reached in both 2016 and 2019. This period is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and they also had warmer weather than normal. Australia also had a drier than usual winter, 31 percent below average for precipitation.Globally, the ten hottest Augusts have all happened since 1998, and the five warmest have happened since 2015.Scientists believe 2020 will very likely rank in the top five warmest years on record.Also noted in the report, arctic sea ice continues to decline. The average Arctic sea ice coverage in August was the third smallest on record, about 29 percent below the 1981-2010 average. 1509