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WASHINGTON, June 6 (Xinhua) -- Women who have higher levels of the appetite-controlling hormone leptin have fewer symptoms of depression, and this apparent inverse relationship is not related to body mass index (BMI), a new study finds. The results were presented Monday at The Endocrine Society's 93rd Annual Meeting in Boston, the United States."Animal data suggest that leptin may reduce anxiety and improve depression. Our study in women suggests that leptin may indeed have antidepressant qualities," said the study's lead author, Elizabeth Lawson, of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston.Leptin, the product of fat cells, signals satiety, or fullness. It is low in thin women and high in obese women, according to Lawson. She also said there is an increased prevalence of anxiety and depression in certain conditions in which leptin levels are typically low. These include the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, in which there is abnormally low weight and body fat, and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, in which women have stopped menstruating despite having normal weight."It is unknown whether low leptin levels contribute to the development of mood disorders in these women," Lawson said.She and her co-workers studied the relationship between leptin levels and symptoms of anxiety and depression in 64 women. Fifteen of the women had anorexia nervosa, 12 were normal weight with hypothalamic amenorrhea, 20 were normal weight and in good health, and 17 were overweight or obese but still healthy.All subjects were asked questions to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety, with high scores indicating more symptoms. Besides measuring leptin levels in the blood, the researchers assessed the women's BMI, a measure of weight for height.The relationship between leptin and depression symptoms was independent of BMI. This finding indicates that leptin may mediate symptoms of depression and that this effect is not a function of low weight, Lawson said."Further research administering leptin to humans will be important in understanding whether this hormone has a potential role in the treatment of depression," she said.

BEIJING, July 20 (Xinhuanet) -- Some U.S. soldiers returning from the Middle East have acquired constrictive bronchiolitis, a kind of lung damage virtually unknown in young adults, according to U.S. News & World Report."Respiratory disorders are emerging as a major consequence of service in southwest Asia," said study author Dr. Matthew S. King, an assistant professor of pulmonary and critical care at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tenn."In addition to our study, there have been studies showing increases in asthma, obstructive lung disease, allergic rhinitis and a general increase in reports of respiratory symptoms," he added. "Most of the patients say they can’t seem to catch their breath when exerting themselves."On the other hand, Anthony Szema, a physician and engineer at Stony Brook University in New York, has examined a soldier and found tiny complexes of titanium and iron in the man’s lungs, where metals can cause severe damage.Mined separately, the two metals could have gotten together only through a manufacturing process, Szema reported. While the metals’ origin is unclear, he presents a new case study, suspecting garbage-burning pits or exploding devices sent them airborne.While the cases in the study represent only a few dozen people of the hundreds of thousands serving in the Middle East, there is no estimate of how many more might have bronchiolitis.it is recommended that soldiers exercise caution in the field until more is known. Soldiers are now told to wear a mask when burning garbage.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- Black scientists were significantly less likely than their white counterparts to receive research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), according to an analysis of data from 2000 to 2006.University of Kansas Professor of Economics Donna Ginther was the lead author on the study commissioned by the NIH, which will appear Friday in journal Science.The researchers found a 10 percentage point gap in research funding -- even after taking into consideration demographics, education and training, employer characteristics, NIH experience and research productivity. For example, for every 100 grants submitted to NIH, 30 grants from white applicants were funded, compared to 20 grants for black applicants.Applications for NIH funding go through peer review that considers the significance, innovation and approach of grant applications, the investigator(s) and the research environment. About half of the applications are determined to be worth scoring. Among those scored, budgets and NIH Institutes priorities determine which applications are funded. Priorities can vary by year and by Institute.The study found that applications from black researchers were less likely to be scored and on average had worse scores. After controlling for the score of the grant, there were no race or ethnicity differences in funding.Applicants self-identify race, ethnicity and gender, but that information is not available during the peer review. However, biographical facts that are included in the review materials can provide clues to the identity of the applicants.The research suggests it is possible that cumulative advantage may explain the funding differences."Small differences in access to research resources and mentoring during training or at the beginning of a career may accumulate to become large between-group differences," the paper says.Additionally, the paper suggests further research is needed to determine why black researchers are less likely to be funded.NIH Director Francis Collins and Principal Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak call the findings unacceptable and commit to immediate action by the NIH."NIH commissioned this study because we want to learn more about the challenges facing the scientific community and address them head on. The results of this study are disturbing and disheartening, and we are committed to taking action," said Collins in an accompanying commentary. "The strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the brightest minds, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study shows that we still have a long way to go."NIH initiated the study in 2008 to determine if researchers of different races and ethnicities with similar research records and affiliations had similar likelihoods of being awarded a new NIH research project grant.

WASHINGTON, June 7 (Xinhua) -- Advanced hepatitis C patients with chronic liver disease may benefit from drinking coffee during treatment, according to a new study published Tuesday in Gastroenterology, the official journal of the American Gastroenterological Association Institute.The study shows that patients who received peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment and who drank three or more cups of coffee per day were two times more likely to respond to treatment than non- drinkers.Among non-drinkers, 46 percent had an early virologic response; 26 percent had no detectable serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) ribonucleic acid at week 20; 22 percent had no detectable serum at week 48; and 11 percent had a sustained virologic response. In contrast, the corresponding proportions for those who drank three or more cups of coffee per day were 73 percent, 52 percent, 49 percent and 26 percent, respectively."Coffee intake has been associated with a lower level of liver enzymes, reduced progression of chronic liver disease and reduced incidence of liver cancer," said Neal Freedman, of the National Cancer Institute and lead author of this study. "Although we observed an independent association between coffee intake and virologic response to treatment, this association needs replication in other studies."Approximately 70 to 80 percent of individuals exposed to HCV become chronically infected. Worldwide, these individuals are estimated to number between 130 and 170 million. Higher coffee consumption has been associated with slower progression of pre- existing liver disease and lower risk of liver cancer. However, the relationship with response to anti-HCV treatment had not been previously evaluated.

KATHMANDU, Aug. 7 (Xinhua) -- Ban on smoking in public places will be enforced from Sunday with the Tobacco Control and Regulatory Act-2010 coming into effect.Those smoking in public places will be fined and civil servants will be liable to departmental action.Government offices, corporations, educational institutions, libraries, airports, public vehicles, orphanages, childcare centres, cinema halls, homes for the elderly, cultural centres, children's gardens, hotels, restaurants, resorts, girls' and boys' hostels, department stores, religious sites and industries have been designated no-smoking zones.Health Secretary Sudha Sharma said mass awareness campaign highlighting punishment will be carried out. She also said an inter-ministerial coordinating committee has been formed to enforce the law to ensure people's right to health. Pasting no- smoking notices at every public place will be mandatory.According to The Himalayan Times daily, the ban covers sale of tobacco products and single sticks within a 100-meter radius of educational and health institutions, children's homes, child care centers and home for elders.Anyone selling tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 years and pregnant women will be fined.The Act also prohibits advertising and sponsoring programs in the name of tobacco-related products through media. Offenders will be fined.The government's mass awareness campaign will cover the entire country to ensure effective implementation of the Act.