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The 2019 Nobel Prize for Medicine has been jointly awarded to William Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza for their pioneering research into how human cells respond to changing oxygen levels.Announcing the prize at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm on Monday, the Nobel committee said that the trio's discoveries have paved the way for "promising new strategies to fight anaemia, cancer and many other diseases."The 2019 medicine laureates, the committee added, have identified molecular machinery that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen.The importance of oxygen has long been established, the committee explained, but how cells adapt to changes in its levels remained unknown.Randall Johnson, prize committee member, described the trio's work as a "textbook discovery.""This is something basic biology students will be learning about when they study, at aged 12 or 13, or younger, biology and learn the fundamental ways cells work. This is a basic aspect of how a cell works and, from that standpoint alone, it's a very exciting thing."The winnersNew York-born Kaelin established his own research laboratory at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston and became a full professor at Harvard Medical School in 2002.Semenza, also born in New York, became a full-time professor at Johns Hopkins University in 1999 and since 2003 has been the Director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.Ratcliffe, who was born in Lancashire, England, studied medicine at Cambridge University and established an independent research group at Oxford University, becoming a full professor in 1996. 1694

The cousin of a man shot and killed by an off-duty police officer in a California Costco says his relative was nonverbal and couldn't have started the argument that allegedly led to the shooting, according to a 223

The body of Faye Swetlick, the 6-year-old South Carolina girl who went missing from her home on Monday, was found Thursday, 136

The first participant in a clinical trial for a vaccine to protect against the new coronavirus will receive an experimental dose on Monday, according to a government official.The National Institutes of Health is funding the trial, which is taking place at the Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute in Seattle. The official who disclosed plans for the first participant spoke on condition of anonymity because the move has not been publicly announced.Public health officials say it will take a year to 18 months to fully validate any potential vaccine. Testing will begin with 45 young, healthy volunteers with different doses of shots co-developed by NIH and Moderna Inc. There’s no chance participants could get infected from the shots, because they don’t contain the virus itself. The goal is purely to check that the vaccines show no worrisome side effects, setting the stage for larger tests.Dozens of research groups around the world are racing to create a vaccine as COVID-19 cases continue to grow. Importantly, they’re pursuing different types of vaccines — shots developed from new technologies that not only are faster to produce than traditional inoculations but might prove more potent. Some researchers even aim for temporary vaccines, such as shots that might guard people’s health a month or two at a time while longer-lasting protection is developed.Also in the works: Inovio Pharmaceuticals aims to begin safety tests of its vaccine candidate next month in a few dozen volunteers at the University of Pennsylvania and a testing center in Kansas City, Missouri, followed by a similar study in China and South Korea.Even if initial safety tests go well, “you’re talking about a year to a year and a half” before any vaccine could be ready for widespread use, according to Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.That still would be a record-setting pace. But manufacturers know the wait — required because it takes additional studies of thousands of people to tell if a vaccine truly protects and does no harm — is hard for a frightened public.President Donald Trump has been pushing for swift action on a vaccine, saying in recent days that the work is “moving along very quickly” and he hopes to see a vaccine “relatively soon.”Today, there are no proven treatments. In China, scientists have been testing a combination of HIV drugs against the new coronavirus, as well as an experimental drug named remdesivir that was in development to fight Ebola. In the U.S., the University of Nebraska Medical Center also began testing remdesivir in some Americans who were found to have COVID-19 after being evacuated from a cruise ship in Japan.For most people, the new coronavirus causes only mild or moderate symptoms, such as fever and cough. For some, especially older adults and people with existing health problems, it can cause more severe illness, including pneumonia. The worldwide outbreak has sickened more than 156,000 people and left more than 5,800 dead. The death toll in the United States is more than 50, while infections neared 3,000 across 49 states and the District of Columbia. The vast majority of people recover. According to the World Health Organization, people with mild illness recover in about two weeks, while those with more severe illness may take three weeks to six weeks to recover.___The Associated Press receives support for health and science coverage from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 3597

The General Motors strike has caused a major disruption in the supply of auto parts to mechanics. Hannah Pelletier of Davis Auto Repair got the last brake module in her town to fix Chevy Suburban. “With the strike, we’re seeing parts take a week to two weeks,” said Pelletier.Pelletier said the typical wait is one to two days. “We normally get daily shipments and right now the shipments ha been sporadic,” said David Hunn, the service manager at Ed Bozarth Chevrolet in Aurora, Colorado. It’s not just the independent repair shops either. GM dealerships like Ed Bozarth's also in Aurora doesn’t know when their deliveries are coming. "Right now I’ve got three vehicles that are tied up waiting on parts,” Bozarth said.Hunn said one of his customers has been waiting three weeks to get their car fixed. There’s nothing he can do right now. He can’t fix it without the right pieces. In a statement, GM said dealers have a limited supply of parts, but that they're supplementing with inventory from wholesale dealers and other suppliers. The company says its ability to ship from distribution centers is limited. “Being an independent shop, our employees are very important to us. So if they felt they weren’t being taken care of we would want to do what we can because they’re what builds my business,” said Pelletier. Pelletier said she understands why the workers went on strike. But that doesn’t change the fact that she still needs parts to fix cars. “I would say if we had it for another month, that’s when we’re really going to start feeling it,” said Pelletier And dealerships like Ed Bozarth have been well stocked. “We do have a really good inventory plus we have two dealerships in town that we, we trade parts back and forth with,” said Hunn. But both David and the workers in his shop admitted that the lack of deliveries is putting a strain on them to get things done on time. 1905