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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The back-to-back announcements of promising clinical trial results from Pfizer and Moderna may usher in a new era for vaccine technology.Both companies have candidates that rely on a new kind of vaccine strategy: RNA. Preliminary data show both candidates are more than 90 percent effective.On the surface, the vaccine candidates look like any other you’ve taken. They work by training your body to build up defensive weapons against a virus, like antibodies and T-cells.But instead of training your body by introducing a killed virus or a fragment of a virus, the vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer introduce a set of instructions called messenger RNA enclosed in a little blob of fat.“The key concept of RNA is that they’re messages, and they’re meant as short-term messages,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty said there are 5,000 to 10,000 messages within a cell at any given time.Once administered, the mRNA in the vaccine instructs some of your cells to make the coronavirus’ signature spike protein. The spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus allows it to infiltrate and hijack cells.Even though the spike protein is just one of about 25 genes the virus has, preliminary results from the clinical trials suggest it is enough material to train the immune system without making the recipient sick.Crotty likened the process of training the immune system to spotting a sedan. If the coronavirus is a car, the spike protein might be the door.“There's no way that car door could turn into a whole car, but it's enough of a piece of a car for your immune system to recognize that car if it saw it again,” he said.Scientists started by sequencing the virus’ DNA from a sick patient, then encoding that genetic sequence into an mRNA instruction molecule that can be read by the manufacturing part of cells.From there, Dr. Crotty said it’s a bit like the messenger app Snapchat.The mRNA gets injected into the body, sending temporary instructions to your cells that last for a while, then disappear. mRNA does not genetically modify cells, he stressed.“They’re around as messages for some period of time and then they go away, and the cells get back to their normal job of reading their own messages instead of reading the messages you’re injecting in the vaccine,” he said.The concept has been around since the 1990s, but there are currently no RNA vaccines on the market for any pathogen, so Dr. Crotty said it’s hard to estimate how long their protective effects will last.Some vaccines offer a lifetime of protection, like the measles vaccine. Others offer decades of protection. The flu vaccine only lasts about six months.Dr. Crotty said the length of protection depends on how fast the virus mutates and how long the immune cells survive in the body.But even if the COVID-19 vaccine turns out to need an annual update, he’s optimistic. The best feature of RNA vaccines is that they can be quickly reprogrammed.Both Moderna and Pfizer are still in their Phase 3 trials, but they expect to finish them by December. Together, they estimate they’ll have enough doses for about 35 million people by the end of this year, primarily for healthcare workers and high-risk individuals. 3250

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The City of San Diego declared Thursday, August 6, as "Officer Jonathan Wiese Day."Wiese was the San Diego police officer who saved two-year-old twin girls after their father drove off Sunset Cliffs in June. The officer also saved the girls' father from the water.On Thursday, a proclamation was read and presented during a virtual Rancho Bernardo Community Council meeting.Wiese said he didn't rescue the girls for recognition, but said it was nice to see community support.The rescue happened early in the morning on June 13. Wiese, a K-9 officer, rappelled off a cliff using his 100-foot long dog leash to help.Wiese told 10News he is actually scared of heights and was thankful that it was dark the morning of the rescue.He joked that his wife told him he wouldn't have to wash the dishes on his day and that he hoped he'd get a free cup of coffee.Wiese was also the officer that helped take the suspected Poway Synagogue shooter into custody in April 2019. 989

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The H1N1 strain of influenza is the most prominent strain of the illness in San Diego and around the nation so far this flu season, according to local health officials.Of 1,730 confirmed cases reported in San Diego this season, nearly 94 percent are influenza A, the County Health and Human Services Agency reported Wednesday. Influenza A covers H1N1 and H3N2. During the year, H3N2, or the "seasonal flu," is the primary virus in circulation.This year, however, there are 10 cases of H1N1 for every case of H3N2, health officials said.RELATED: Political commentator dies in San Diego, contracts H1N1 flu and meningitisThe strain affects young to middle-aged adults more than other age groups. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention believes this is because older adults have been exposed more to H1N1 and younger adults tend to have lower vaccination rates."Older people have some element of immunity to Pandemic H1N1 because they’ve had more exposure to these influenza viruses than younger groups," said Sayone Thihalolipavan, county deputy public health officer, said.Last week, a 26-year-old woman visiting San Diego from Washington, D.C., died possibly due to H1N1 complications. She was also suffering from meningitis, though it's unclear if she had been vaccinated or suffered from any other underlying medical conditions.Another local resident, identified as a 49-year-old male, died of the flu, according to health officials. That man did have underlying medical conditions though it wasn't clear if he had been vaccinated.This season, there have been nine flu-related deaths, officials say, compared to 44 deaths at this time last season.Health officials advise the best way to prevent the flu is to get vaccinated, wash hands thoroughly and often, avoid going out if you're sick, and clean commonly touched services. Those with underlying chronic conditions, pregnant women, people who live with or care for others who are high risk, and those 65 and older are most at risk of catching the flu. 2041

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - Surgeons at UC San Diego are using new technology that offers more options for patients who have complex thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. UC San Diego Health System is the first on the West Coast to use Dynamic Morphology Correction, a type of 3D imaging. It allows surgeons to compare scans taken before the procedure to real-time pictures during the surgery.Dr. Mahmoud Malas, Chief of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery at UC San Diego, says this type of technology uses minimal iodine contrast which lessens the chance of kidney problems for 25 percent of patients dealing with aneurysms.The data from this technology helps surgeons across the country.Dr. Malas adds, " They create prediction models that helps future surgeons perform procedures more accurately." 795

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The Gubernatorial Primary Election is on Tuesday, June 5. Voters who are interested in getting their ballots in before Election Day can now do so at the San Diego County Registrar of Voters office.Early voting began on Monday, May 6 after the United States Postal Service sent out more than 1 million mail ballots. These ballots appeared in voters' mailboxes the very same day.Early voting continues through Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m and until the polls close on Election Day at 8 p.m.The Registrar of Voters Office is open for weekend voting from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturday, June 2 and Sunday, June 3. Registered voters can also request a mail ballot until May 29 if they do not wish to vote in person.The Registrar of Voters Office is located at 5600 Overland Avenue on the County Operations Center campus in Kearny Mesa. 855