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WASHINGTON, Nov. 10 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has sent warning letters to more than 1,200 retailers, the majority of which respond to violations relating to selling tobacco to minors, as part of its ongoing effort to reduce tobacco use among children, the agency announced Thursday in a statement.The FDA said that while most retail establishments have been found to be in compliance with the law, some retailers are still selling cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to minors. Warning letters may be followed by civil money penalties if retailers continue to violate the law."It should worry every parent that 20 percent of U.S. high school students smoke cigarettes," said FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg in a statement. "President Obama and the FDA are committed to preventing children from smoking. For many young people, that first cigarette or use of smokeless tobacco will lead to a lifetime of addiction, and for many, serious disease. More than 80 percent of adult smokers begin smoking before 18 years of age. Retailers are vital partners in the FDA's efforts to prevent tobacco use among kids."Obama signed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act that gives the FDA authority to regulate tobacco products to prevent use by minors and reduce the impact on public health. One of the law's provisions permits the FDA to contract with states and territories to conduct compliance check inspections of tobacco retailers. In 2011, the FDA awarded compliance contracts totaling more than 24 million U.S. dollars to 38 states.The FDA also began inspecting U.S. tobacco product manufacturers in October 2011. This is the first time tobacco product manufacturing facilities have ever been inspected by a federal public health agency.

BEIJING, Dec. 20 (Xinhua) -- A senior Chinese official called for a higher level of requirements for promoting cultural and ethical progress at a national conference Tuesday.Li Changchun, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee urged for efforts to "provide firm ideological assurance, powerful spiritual drive, effective media support and sound cultural conditions for achieving the great goal of building an overall prosperous society."Li, also director of the Central Spiritual Civilization Development Steering Commission, made the remark while addressing the National Award-issuing Conference on the Work of Cultural and Ethical Progress.Li Changchun (1st L), a Standing Committee member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and director of the Central Spiritual Civilization Development Steering Commission, presents the awards to the advanced collectives and individuals during the National Award-issuing Conference on the Work of Cultural and Ethical Progress held in Beijing, capital of China, Dec. 20, 2011. Li attended the conference on Tuesday and gave a speech.In his speech, Li extended his gratefulness to everyone engaged in cultural and ethical work at all levels, as well as to people from all walks of life for their active participation in, and support of, the work.Currently, publicizing the Party's new plenary session should be the primary task in cultural and ethical work, Li said."Cultural and ethical progress is a major component of the socialist cause with China's own characteristics," he said, emphasizing that substantial efforts must be made to strengthen Party leadership on the work.The meeting was presided over by Liu Yunshan, a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and deputy-director of the Central Spiritual Civilization Development Steering Commission.In an address at the gathering, he called for greater efforts in publicizing the models of cultural and ethical progress, so as to "enhance the level of civilization of the society as a whole."A total of 27 cities and municipal districts, 899 villages and small towns, and 1,794 institutions and enterprises were awarded for their marked achievements in cultural and ethical progress, and 23 cities and municipal districts that had been previously awarded were allowed to keep their honorary titles.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

XUZHOU, Dec. 13 (Xinhua) -- Three critically injured students died in hospital in east China's Jiangsu Province early Tuesday, the government said, bringing the toll of Monday's school bus overturn to 15.The accident was the third serious one involving a school bus in China in less than a month.At least eight other children are still hospitalized, a government spokesman of Fengxian County said, without elaborating on the conditions of their injuries.A bus carrying 29 students on their way home fell into a roadside ditch when the driver tried to avoid a pedicab in the rural areas of Fengxian at 5:50 p.m. on Monday.The bus belonged to a primary school in Shouxian township. The government said the bus, designed with a maximum carrying capacity of 52 persons, was not overloaded.Also on Monday, another school bus carrying 59 students was badly hit by a truck in the city of Foshan, Guangdong Province, injuring 37 students, Guangzhou Daily reported Tuesday. Seven of the injured had been hospitalized.The accidents occurred only a day after the State Council moved to strengthen school bus safety after a deadly crash killed 19 pupils about a month ago.The nine-seat school bus illegally carrying 64 people collided head-on with a coal truck in northwestern Gansu Province on Nov. 16, killing 19 preschoolers and two adults, and injuring 43 others.Schools are few in numbers in the vast and sparsely populated rural areas of China. School bus is a relatively new thing in some rural areas as for decades children from the countryside had been trekking on rugged countryroads on foot to attend school. But rural school buses varied on quality and safety.Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao had called on government departments to "rapidly" draft safety regulations and standards for school buses while further improving the design, production and distribution of the vehicles.

OTTAWA, Nov. 21 (Xinhua) -- The leader of World Health Organization (WHO) Margaret Chan said in Canada on Monday that countries must make the health of women and children their highest priority.Speaking at a luncheon in Gatineau, Quebec, Chan said that maternal and infant health is the most pressing public health issue in the world.She made the remarks just hours after WHO announced Chan was the only candidate for the position on WHO director-general when Chan's appointment expires next year.An executive board meeting in Geneva between Jan. 16 and 23 will decide whether to put the name forward to the WHO Assembly in May, which would make the final decision regarding the appointment.Chan, a former health chief in China's Hong Kong, was elected director-general of the WHO in Nov. 2006.Before her tenure with WHO, Chan was head of public health in Hong Kong, where she managed the city's response to the world's first outbreak of the deadly H5N1 bird flu virus and an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).Speaking in Gatineau, Chan, who earned her medical degree in Canada, said that she never expected to rise to such a lofty position."I just wanted to be a doctor. I just wanted to take care of women and children. When I was studying in Canada, I thought I would get married and have children. I never guessed I'd do anything like head the World Health Organization," she said.She said that she will continue to focus the WHO's attention on mothers and young children.Chan said that it's difficult to know how many mothers and young children die of preventable diseases, since more than 80 countries don't keep accurate death records, but she said that millions of children under five years of age are dying.Millions more are growing up physically and mentally stunted because of poor nutrition and medical care, she added."Without proper nutrition, the stunting we are seeing is horrific," she said. Unless babies have good food, including being breast-fed as infants, they grow up physically and mentally under-developed, Chan said."The first few years of a child's life are make or break," she said.Chan and the WHO held a meeting of the Expert Panel on Maternal and Child Health in Canada from Nov. 18 to Nov. 21. The panel was established by the United Nations Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health Report. At the invitation of the WHO, the Commission was co-chaired by Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper and the President of Tanzania, Dr. Jakaya Kikwete.Chan says she's hopeful funding from developed nations will continue to expand, despite the debt crisis facing many of them. The situation resembles the 1970s, with spikes in energy and food prices along with cuts to national budgets to restrain debt.Chan said she is relieved the International Monetary Fund will not press for public health cuts in countries that are struggling with debt.Beverley J. Oda, Minister of International Cooperation who is responsible for Canada's official aid affairs, delivered remarks at the luncheon on improving the health of children and mothers locally and globally."I am particularly proud of the strong partnership between the WHO and Canada in advancing global health, and working towards improvements that will help us achieve our shared goals," she said.Last Friday, Oda announced 25 new initiatives to further Canada 's support to 23 projects in Africa concerning Children and Youth, Food Security and Sustainable Economic Growth.Seven of these are multi-country projects supporting efforts to prevent the mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS, further improving child health, or increasing the capacity of African Regional Technical Centres. The others are targeted to support work in a range of individual African countries by working with Canadian, international and African-based organizations.