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A series of top Democratic presidential candidates have released sweeping plans to combat climate change over the last two weeks, putting the issue front and center ahead of CNN's climate crisis town halls on Wednesday night.Although the overarching themes of each plan are similar -- all candidates lay out how they believe combating climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the country -- there are marked differences within each proposal, as the candidates compete to distinguish themselves as the most focused and most willing to spend trillions to stop and reverse global warming.Key differences are especially clear in how each candidate will pay for their plans. While some candidates argue they will fund the massive increase in federal spending by cracking down on polluters or instituting a carbon tax, others pledge to end tax breaks to fossil fuel companies and alter the tax code to ensure the wealthiest in the United States pay more. Some candidates endorse all of the above.The climate crisis is a preeminent issue in the Democratic nomination fight, with polls showing it among the top -- if not the top -- issue on the minds of Democratic voters. A report by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned recently that the planet has only until 2030 to stem catastrophic climate change.Many of the candidates are also looking to tie themselves to former Washington Gov. Jay Inslee, the Democrat who centered his presidential campaign around climate change before he dropped out in August. Inslee met with Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren to discuss her plan, which expressly embraces portions of Inslee's detailed proposals, and former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julian Castro's campaign touted its work with Inslee's team on its proposal.Joe BidenFormer Vice President Joe Biden released his climate change plan earlier this summer, laying out a plan that pledges to go further than President Barack Obama's administration on climate, but is not as sweeping as the Delaware Democrat's more liberal opponents.Biden's plan would dedicate .7 trillion to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, end fossil fuel subsidies and ban new oil and gas permits on public lands. Biden does not outright support the Green New Deal, but his plan does tout the former vice president's support of elements of the plan that has been near universally endorsed by the left of the Democratic Party.Biden, along with all of his Democratic opponents, supports rejoining the Paris climate accord, a sweeping multi-national climate agreement that President Donald Trump left early in his administration."Science tells us that how we act or fail to act in the next 12 years will determine the very livability of our planet," he said. "That's why I'm calling for a clean energy revolution to confront this crisis and do what America does best -- solve big problems with big ideas."Bernie SandersWhere Biden's plan was scaled back, Bernie Sanders' plan released in August was massive: The Vermont senator called for .3 trillion in spending, comparing the task of combating climate change to a World War II-style mobilization of almost every sector of the economy.The Sanders proposal's goal of reaching 100% renewable energy for electricity and transportation by 2030 matches the timeframe set by the IPCC, which outlined the dire consequences of global warming -- and what it would take to reverse them --in a 2018 report.That timeline, however, is significantly faster than many of Sanders' opponents.Sanders said his plan would create 20 million jobs in the transition away from fossil fuels despite imposing a ban on energy extraction, including fracking and mountaintop coal mining. He would also pursue civil and criminal cases against companies that concealed institutional knowledge of the dangers their products posed to the environment."Climate change cannot only be addressed by the United States. It is a global issue," Sanders said last month in Iowa. "But my promise to you is, instead of ignoring this issue as Trump does, I will help lead the world in bringing countries together to address the issue."Elizabeth WarrenWarren, the other leading progressive hopeful, has made the most explicit overtures to Inslee, adopting on Tuesday significant portions of his plan after the two met.But the Massachusetts senator has also added her own pieces to the puzzle. In June, as part of a broader economic plan, she proposed spending trillion on green manufacturing, research and development, and the marketing of new technology overseas.On Tuesday, Warren offered a fuller picture of her climate platform. Her goals -- which would be spurred by an additional trillion -- include reaching zero-carbon emission commercial and residential for new buildings by 2028; zero-carbon emission on new light-duty passenger vehicles, medium-duty trucks and all buses by 2030; and zero-carbon emission and renewable electricity by 2035.Kamala HarrisCalifornia Sen. Kamala Harris released a climate plan on Wednesday which aims for a carbon-neutral US economy by 2045, a more expedited timeline than others. The Democrat's plan touts trillion in public and private spending, but the amount the federal government would spend was not released.Harris' plan has many of the trademark Democratic climate proposals -- like reversing Trump's actions, investing in zero-emission transportation and carbon-neutral electricity and ending and federal subsidies for the fossil fuel industry -- but her plan also leans into the Climate Equity Act, legislation that she and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez announced earlier this summer that focuses on "frontline communities," those that have experienced systemic socioeconomic disparities.Harris' plan also harkens back to her time as a prosecutor, especially when she helped California win an million settlement with Volkswagen for cheating on emissions tests for its diesel vehicles. If she becomes President, Harris' plan states, she will increase penalties for companies that violate federal pollution laws and restoring the "polluter pays" model for funding the Superfund program.Cory BookerNew Jersey Sen. Cory Booker, too, uses a more expedited timeline in his climate proposal, aiming to spent trillion to reach carbon neutrality by 2045.Booker's plan, released on Tuesday, would put money in Americans pocked with a "progressive climate dividend" paid to Americans through new carbon fees placed on fossil fuel producers and would use executive action to undo much of Trump's climate action.Unlike some candidates, Booker ties combating climate change with a direct focus on minority and vulnerable communities, arguing that those without significant economic means are more directly impacted by the issue."We are facing a dual crisis of climate change and economic inequality," Booker said in a statement. "Without immediate action, we risk an incredible human toll from disasters, health impacts, rising national security threats, and trillions of dollars in economic losses."Julián CastroCastro was another candidate who tied economic instability and vulnerable communities into his plan to combat climate change. Castro claims that his plan released on Tuesday would lead to trillion in spending on addressing the climate crisis, but the former San Antonio mayor does not explicitly outline total federal spending.But it is Castro's calls for an increased focus on how climate change most impacts vulnerable communities that set his plan apart. Castro says that within his first 100 days as president he will "propose new civil rights legislation to address the disparate impact of environmental discrimination and dismantle structures of environmental racism.""The problem is that, like our neighborhoods, pollution is segregated," Castro writes in his proposal, noting a 2007 study that found more than half of the 9 million people living close to hazardous waste were black.Pete ButtigiegSouth Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg takes a more technical approach to combating the climate crisis in his plan released on Wednesday.Buttigieg explicitly outlines how the Department of Defense would take the lead in combating the issue by creating a "Climate Watch Floor" within the department. The plan also creates a new senior climate security role within the Pentagon.In total, Buttigieg's plan would commit between .5 and 2 trillion to combat climate change, a number smaller than his opponents, but his campaign argued on Wednesday that these federal investments would leverage tens of trillions of dollars in private, state and local investments. Buttigieg's plan would also spend an additional billion on climate research and make billion annually available for grants aimed at rural America.Buttigieg outright supports the Green New Deal and reentering the Paris climate agreement and would add billion to the Low-Income Energy Assistance program, which helps cover bills in times of crisis like a heat wave or extreme cold.Beto O'RourkeFormer Rep. 9087

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America's middle class families aren't the only ones having a tough time these days.Middle-income households are disappearing in developed countries around the world, according to a new report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.The study, titled "Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class," laid out a litany of problems affecting middle-income households. And it warned that this could have serious consequences for nations' economic growth and social fabric."Today the middle class looks increasingly like a boat in rocky waters," said OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría. "Governments must listen to people's concerns and protect and promote middle-class living standards."The middle class has been under stress for years, helping fuel the rise of progressive Democrats in the United States, who are seeking to increase taxes on the rich to provide a stronger safety net — including universal health care. But while many presidential candidates point to Europe as a model, the OECD report shows that problems exist there too.The share of people in middle-income households in developed countries fell from 64% in the mid-1980s to only 61% by the mid-2010s. However the declines were larger in several countries, including the United States, Israel, Germany, Canada, Finland and Sweden.In the United States, just over 50% of the population is middle class, much smaller than most other developed countries.The report considers households earning between 75% and 200% of the median national income as middle class.Higher costs, less incomeRising income inequality is part of the reason for the trend. Over the past 30 years, median incomes in OECD countries increased a third less than the average income of the richest 10%, the report found.At the same time, costs are going up faster than inflation in the world's richest economies — making it harder for the middle class to keep up. Home prices, in particular, have been growing more than a third faster than median household income in recent decades. The middle class spent 32% of their budgets on housing in 2015, compared to 25% in 1985.More than one in five middle-income households spend more than they earn.The middle class has also been losing economic clout in OECD countries, which could ripple through societies. The total income of this group was about four times that of upper-income households in 1985. Thirty years later, the ratio fell to less than three."The investment of the middle class in education, health, and housing, their support for good quality public services, their intolerance of corruption, and their trust in others and in democratic institutions, are the very foundations of inclusive growth," the report said.Millennials struggle to make itYounger people are having a harder time achieving middle class status than those in previous generations. Being middle class once meant living in a comfortable house and affording a rewarding lifestyle, thanks to a stable job with career opportunities, the report said. It was also a basis from which families aspired to an even better future for their children.Close to 70% of the baby boomers were part of the middle class when they were in their 20s, compared to nearly 64% of Gen X but only 60% of millennials. Baby boomers also enjoyed more stable jobs during their working life than younger generations.Job insecurity is on the rise as labor markets transform amid increasing globalization and technological use. One in six current middle-income jobs face high risk of automation."These trends paint an uncertain picture for workers with middle incomes, in particular, those with low-medium skills in routine jobs," the report said.The OECD offers some suggestions for addressing the middle class squeeze, many of which match the talking points of progressive US candidates. They include lowering taxes on the middle class and increasing them on the wealthy, developing more affordable housing, helping young adults build wealth, containing the cost of education, child care and health and improving workers' skills and training.The-CNN-Wire? & ? 2019 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved. 4198

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Airlines in multiple countries have suspended the use of Boeing's new 737 MAX 8 aircraft over concerns about its safety, after an Ethiopian Airlines flight of the same model crashed Sunday killing all 157 on board.Flight ET302 to Nairobi had just taken off from the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa Sunday when it reported technical problems and asked for permission to turn back. It crashed shortly afterwards.As the crash investigation got underway, the Civil Aviation Administration of China ordered Monday that all domestic Boeing 737 MAX 8 jets be out of the air by 6 p.m. local time, due to its principle of "zero tolerance for safety hazards."China has one of the world's largest fleets of Boeing 737 MAX 8, operating 97 of the planes, according to Chinese state-run media.The move was followed by an announcement from Ethiopian Airlines that the carrier had grounded its fleet of Boeing 737 MAX 8 jets as an "extra safety precaution." Cayman Airways also said on Monday it was grounding both of its "new Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft ... until more information is received."Sunday marked the second time in less than six months that a new Boeing aircraft crashed just minutes into a flight. A Lion Air Boeing 737 MAX 8 flight went down over the Java Sea last October, killing all 189 people on board.Both crashes are under investigation and there is no evidence of a link between the two, but similarities in the incidents have prompted caution among some airlines."Given in both air crashes, the aircrafts were newly delivered Boeing 737 MAX 8, and both accidents occurred during the take-off, they share certain similarities," the Chinese administration said in a statement. It added that it would contact Boeing and the US Federal Aviation Administration to confirm "flight safety" issues before allowing the planes to fly again.Mary Schiavo, a CNN aviation analyst and the former Inspector General of the US Transportation Department, called the two incidents "highly suspicious.""Here we have a brand-new aircraft that's gone down twice in a year. That rings alarm bells in the aviation industry, because that just doesn't happen," she said.State-owned Ethiopian Airlines is one of Africa's leading aviation groups, and the continent's largest carrier by number of passengers.The Kenyan and Ethiopian governments announced a joint disaster response team on Monday to investigate the crash. Kenya's Cabinet Secretary of Transport James Macharia described it as a "very complex investigation."In a statement Sunday, Boeing said it was "deeply saddened" to hear about the loss of life in the Ethiopian Airlines plane crash."A Boeing technical team will be traveling to the crash site to provide technical assistance under the direction of the Ethiopia Accident Investigation Bureau and US National Transportation Safety Board," the statement said.Investigations ongoing after crashThe Ethiopian Airlines flight to Nairobi, in Kenya, lost contact with authorities shortly after takeoff at 8.44 a.m. local time, just minutes after it left Bole International Airport.Tewolde GebreMariam, Ethiopian Airlines CEO, said at a press conference Sunday that the pilot had reported technical difficulties and had been given clearance to return to the Ethiopian capital.An eyewitness told CNN they saw smoke coming from the plane before it crashed on Sunday.GebreMariam said a routine maintenance check hadn't revealed anything before takeoff. The pilot was a senior Ethiopian Airlines employee who had flown more than 8,000 hours and had an "excellent flying record," he added."As it is a fresh incident, we have not been able to determine the cause. As I said, it is a brand new airplane with no technical remarks, flown by a senior pilot and there is no cause that we can attribute at this time," GebreMariam said.Speaking on Monday, Kenyan Transport Secretary Macharia said relatives of the victims would be given "the utmost attention," including accommodation and flights to Ethiopia, if necessary.The US National Transportation Safety Board said on Sunday it would be sending a team of four to assist in the investigation into the crash.CNN aviation expert Richard Quest said while a "final determination" on the cause of the crash might be years away, information from the flight recorders should be retrieved within a matter of weeks.Global disasterCitizens of 35 countries were among the 157 people killed in Sunday's crash, including 32 Kenyans, 18 Canadians, nine Ethiopians and eight passengers each from China, Italy and the United States.The United Nations has announced 19 of their staff members were among the dead, including employees of the World Food Programme, the Office of the High Commissioner on Refugees and the Food and Agriculture Organization.Not all victims have been named, but some details have been released.The Ethiopian government expressed its "deepest condolences to the families," in a statement from the office of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. 4985

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